tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57044340456673519072024-03-17T20:04:22.349-07:00Observed ImpulseCognitive Neuroscience, the Prefrontal Cortex, Artificial Intelligence, & the UnconsciousDr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.comBlogger134125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-52217839269050285882023-08-11T04:28:00.009-07:002023-10-19T14:10:01.911-07:00A Lifetime Conversational History with Chatbots Could be a Valuable Resource You Could Start Building Today<p><span style="color: #0e101a;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="color: #0e101a; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Begin Merging with a Superintelligence Now</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">I
eagerly anticipate holding conversations with an artificial superintelligence.
I cannot wait to interrogate it, learn about how it thinks, and hear its
insights into the mysteries of the universe. Unfortunately, superintelligent AI
may be years or even decades away. Nevertheless, in the interim, we can create
a log of our interactions with its predecessors, modern-day chatbots. This
record could then be uploaded to a future, superintelligent AI, helping it
communicate and relate to us. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Modern
chatbots, powered by large language models, can read and process thousands of
words of text in milliseconds and make meaningful, nuanced references to the
contents. This indicates that even more intelligent AIs in the future will be
able to read and digest extensive and detailed chat records in seconds.
Maintaining such a record could give them helpful information about your
interests, beliefs, and thoughts. It could inform them about what you know and
don’t know and how to explain things to you efficiently. Given such detailed
information, the AI would have what it needs to become like an old friend. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">A
curated collection of our personal digital interactions would help advanced
superintelligent systems of the future to know us immediately and intimately.
In other words, the best way to prepare for future interactions with AGI is to
start recording our conversations with chatbots today.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></span></span></div><p style="margin: 0in;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><span style="color: #0e101a;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhweA5KjZuBSD8XsE8xaP0BShfImzOU_gy142nEuZ0HUZ08oGVooMlz0R6UAezhMn49q_b1QD_Q31SF__BnNzqdHSU4GFAXRNLaVqvCpz8Qc5Vp7TUVcV58bQKZthdxNdn98lCmzZ8jP691VW07xbpmiVN6HdnlVS16k76qjbMNt2A_GEqnu4EQ-dGSFglE/s1024/IMG_1393.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhweA5KjZuBSD8XsE8xaP0BShfImzOU_gy142nEuZ0HUZ08oGVooMlz0R6UAezhMn49q_b1QD_Q31SF__BnNzqdHSU4GFAXRNLaVqvCpz8Qc5Vp7TUVcV58bQKZthdxNdn98lCmzZ8jP691VW07xbpmiVN6HdnlVS16k76qjbMNt2A_GEqnu4EQ-dGSFglE/w400-h400/IMG_1393.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><br /><span style="color: #0e101a;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><span style="color: #0e101a;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Chatbot History</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">I
recently considered using an AI chatbot or a large language model (such as
ChatGPT) for a friend. If a chatbot could behave in the right ways, I might
prefer it to a human. I started thinking about this after reading positive
reviews from people who have used AI for friendship or therapy. Those reviews
influenced me to try out a few of the popular AI companion apps like Replika
and Anima. I was only slightly impressed. They work well, but it seemed like
they would only appeal to people who were lonely. I felt no camaraderie or
attachment and didn't feel like I was building anything lasting.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">I
realized that a chatbot could capture my interest and attention if I knew it
provided an additional benefit: long-term memory. Spending a few minutes with a
chatbot daily would be worthwhile to me if it could record and catalog all our
conversations in a permanent, ever-expanding file. With all of these
conversations in a log or database the chatbot could mine that data for
practical purposes. Because this data consists of words, it would have a tiny
file size. With modern neural network tech, it could be queried rapidly. In
this post, I will explain how an AI could index this conversational data and
make valuable associations, references, quotes, allusions, and other connections
to it. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">First,
let us use the following list to start thinking about the role a chatbot could
play in our lives. As you do this, consider how an ability to recall years’
worth of previous interactions would make its contributions more powerful.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Roles That an Intelligent Chatbot Could Play in Your Life</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Friend
/ Companion / Confidant<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Assistant
/ Secretary / Employee / Autobiographer <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Record
Keeper / Scribe / Diary / Journal / Notebook / Planner <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Muse
/ Coauthor / Research Assistant / Co-investigator<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Therapist
/ Psychologist / Psychiatrist<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Doctor
/ Primary Care Practitioner<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Counselor
/ Life Coach / Advisor / Consultant<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Comedian
/ Jester / Humorist / Banterer<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Romantic
Interest / Life Partner / Significant Other / Soul Mate<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Avatar
of a Historical Figure or Deceased Loved One<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Board
Room / Interest Group / Review Panel / Focus Group<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Lawyer
/ Judge / Arbitrator / Mediator / Private Legal Counsel<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;">
</p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Advisor
/ Teacher / Tutor/ Mentor / Role Model / Hero <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Sources of Personal Data that Could Provide Valuable Information
to a Chatbot<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">I
have written another blog entry on the kinds of data that would be helpful for
someone trying to create a personal avatar. You can read that here:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">http://www.observedimpulse.com/2020/10/how-to-prepare-your-data-and-brain-to.html<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Some
of the forms of data discussed there, which would also be relevant to the
present discussion, include:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">emails, letters, art,
creative work, diaries, voice memos, SMS texts, photos, videos, internet
browsing history, list of books read (Kindle, Goodreads), music library and playlists,
movie and television viewing history, YouTube history, recorded phone calls, social
network data, social media posts and likes, travel history, psychological
evaluations, personality tests, psychometric tests, school records, standardized
testing, legal and medical history<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">A Chatbot History Would Greatly Augment Your Long-term Memory<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">As
humans, we are constantly forgetting meaningful things. A chatbot history would
be able to fill in gaps. For instance, sometimes I can't remember the details
about an idea, objective, or intention I held or the memories it was tied to. You
could ask the bot about previous long-forgotten comments, anecdotes, and
projects. It could record and catalog your inspirations and epiphanies better
than you ever could. This record could help you bridge your memory lapses,
help answer longstanding questions, or dig deeper into important issues. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">We
are often proud to share our insights with our friends, but our friends forget
the points we made faster than we do. A chatbot with long-term memory would
always remember. Moreover, a good one would not let us forget the essential
insights. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;">
</p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">If
you used it regularly for years, the bot could get to know you better than you
know yourself. This would be amazing, mainly because its purpose would be to
serve you with that information in productive ways. It could build a narrative
about who you are as a person, and easily flesh this out into an autobiography
or memoir. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><span style="color: #0e101a;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><span style="color: #0e101a;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLvabshRMJwJ7b3FsD1M9kD7PA6iLYBLEhz8XRm9kE1vi6Z-KPMrfoP0j41ed7DyNdB3Xowa7foJT6MgIYjZ-VWNvLZdHAcdnwC8rumrdAoruh7TOu-hbbkxjUs3AQ-2gaj4fDUr137tv37CkQJ9elkXpsRwTBdNWERz5rXYKqRrJZUhnbUxjLnivMgIuH/s1024/IMG_1399.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLvabshRMJwJ7b3FsD1M9kD7PA6iLYBLEhz8XRm9kE1vi6Z-KPMrfoP0j41ed7DyNdB3Xowa7foJT6MgIYjZ-VWNvLZdHAcdnwC8rumrdAoruh7TOu-hbbkxjUs3AQ-2gaj4fDUr137tv37CkQJ9elkXpsRwTBdNWERz5rXYKqRrJZUhnbUxjLnivMgIuH/w400-h400/IMG_1399.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><br /><span style="color: #0e101a;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
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<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Research, Collaboration, and Productivity</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Aside
from just talking idly, we could actively and systematically pick a chatbot's
brain and bounce ideas off it. Major language models are already connected to
the internet. In a few years, they will be especially good at searching for
knowledge, distilling it, and packaging it into concise, comprehensible answers
to our questions. In turn, it could be programmed to pick our brains and do all
the work of documenting and archiving what it finds.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">A
chatbot informed by your comprehensive chat history should be designed to help
you express and build on your ideas. It should help you fact-check and explore
your hypotheses, giving you the scientific and academic information you need to
elaborate on them. It should give you expert feedback, find evidence for your
claims, and help substantiate your arguments. It should ask you the questions
needed to flesh out your proposals, helping turn your ideas into articles,
essays, or books.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">The
system could also improve your productivity by helping you stay on track once
you reach a fruitful area of inquiry. Its immediate and perfect memory caches
for words would keep you from forgetting what you were just discussing with it.
It could also nudge you to talk about productive things and to focus with
greater intent on your original creative concepts and pet theories. It
could also perform exhaustive internet searches to determine which of your
ideas are novel and which aspects of them remain unexplored by others. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">It
takes significant work to gather your ideas in an effort to write a
professional treatment on a topic. I had to use journals and notebooks
extensively to create the articles I published. I would say that I could not
have done it without them. Without external memory tools like computer files,
word processing software, and good old pen and paper, I could not have
cohesively spelled out my theories. However, an expertly curated chat history
would be much more powerful than these.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">It
is incredible how simply taking notes about your thoughts and regularly
reviewing and editing them fosters the growth of those ideas. But an AI would
make it so that you don’t have to regularly review the ideas them just to keep
them in mind. If I had a chatbot assistant available to me starting in my late
teens, I would have been much more productive and would have been able to
generate far better insights. Also, once we come to expect and rely on this
kind of chatbot service, we will uncover methods to use it more efficiently and
put its record to work in different ways that are unforeseeable today.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Because
we descend from hunter-gatherers, our brains were not meant to compile prose
and recall it on demand. Many of us are too lazy, or busy, or indisposed to sit
down and transcribe our thoughts letter by letter. Dictating it to a chatbot
and then letting the chatbot proofread it, expand on it, and file it in the
most relevant document or folder would be much easier. Then, it could help us
retrieve it when needed. I often cannot locate notes that I have taken. The
search function in Microsoft Word or Windows can make finding them easier. But
a chatbot with the right access could perform a global semantic search on all
your digital files with much more specificity. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">An Intimate Record of Our Daily Lives</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">A
comprehensive digital record of all chatbot interactions could be valuable in
many domains. You might insert this file (or an edited, condensed, or censored
version) into different systems when you interact with them so they can better
understand you and interpret your behavior. This record would make a chatbot
better at being your therapist and counselor (imagine visiting different AI
psychologists, where each one was aware of every comment you ever made in
therapy). It would make for a more competent and personalized assistant and
productivity guru. It would make feedback from a virtual yoga instructor,
dietitian, or personal trainer more informed and detailed. It would make an
AI's observations as a critic more insightful and recommendations as a life
coach more viable.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">If
you asked for complete confidentiality, it would give it to you. Furthermore,
if you ever asked it to forget something and strike any digital memory of it
from storage, it would. We could even ask a chatbot to record
conversations with other people if we can get those people's permission. This
would mean that text messages, phone calls, and emails could be added to the
chat history. It should be set to automatically search for and redact comments
that could jeopardize privacy.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">One
of my favorite experiences in life is when a friend reminds me of something I
had long forgotten. Now that I'm in my 40s, I relish nostalgic moments. I
search them out actively, such as by scouring streaming services for old movies
and music. But because my memory is human much of the low hanging fruit has
already been picked. It’s becoming harder and harder to find things that can
give me that nostalgic feeling. A lifelong chatbot friend could provide this.
Those intimate and touching memories our cerebral cortex can no longer retrieve
could be served to us on command. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;">
</p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">We
already have an internal monologue that runs ceaselessly throughout the day. Preserving
the best of its insights a few times an hour, simply by conversing with a
robotic pal, would be little work, especially if it can pull information out of
us by asking us engaging questions. I envision a whole industry of companies
that provide chatbot services. These bots would pose questions to us and help
us compile personal information to enrich our chat log. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis3lvMfH4LZM2-An6LrWtUwGC4rSFHZ1m_Dt8xXtS4AznTkDGBcPLoqyHsu5jGRSjCUNMNGWfG8-Uynsd83WAVO7aNT53NlSfYjd4a1O1enCnITWO88Rjej9fHhfddiBzvHYef8IRdsyy1RwSUPF-ePNFDaHODDjPa-d_r24-zugzJd5sgr76RTipeyJV1/s1024/IMG_1396.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis3lvMfH4LZM2-An6LrWtUwGC4rSFHZ1m_Dt8xXtS4AznTkDGBcPLoqyHsu5jGRSjCUNMNGWfG8-Uynsd83WAVO7aNT53NlSfYjd4a1O1enCnITWO88Rjej9fHhfddiBzvHYef8IRdsyy1RwSUPF-ePNFDaHODDjPa-d_r24-zugzJd5sgr76RTipeyJV1/w400-h400/IMG_1396.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #0e101a;"><br /></span><p></p>
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<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Prompting The Chatbot</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Language
models have something called an attentional window (a.k.a. context window).
This holds the prompt that you write when you ask it a question. It has a
limited capacity and can only hold so many words, although contemporary context
windows are quickly becoming very large. ChatGPT's context window is programmed
to hold the last few prompts you gave it, and this is how it can refer back to
earlier points in your conversation. Most commercially available language
models reset this conversation history after just a few exchanges. When the
window is reset, the content is gone forever, as if it never happened. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Currently,
Microsoft and OpenAI reset the context window to keep GPT from being
manipulated by multiple prompts intended to influence it to fly off the rails.
However, the context window for ChatGPT is around 4,000 tokens (tokens are
comparable to words), and the window for GPT-4 is up to 32,000 tokens. Right
now, some large language models' attentional window is large enough to
encompass a several hundred-page book. That is large. The attentional window
allows a model to actively consider every last sentence, along with your newest
prompt, when it formulates each response. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Instead
of placing a book in its attentional window, you could place your chatbot
transcript. That's right. This would allow the chatbot to consider every word
of your meaningful interactions with it over many years every time it responds
to you. This would permit it to remember and be influenced by the exact context
of every line of conversation you ever had with it. This technology is
improving rapidly, and you can imagine the degree of specificity and nuance such
systems will soon be capable of.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Using
alternate forms of storage, such as vector databases, could significantly
augment this attentional window. Vector databases can be used to categorize
information (embedding them in multidimensional semantic space). The next time
a user brings up a particular topic, that topic will be matched against the
vector database to locate and fetch the 10 to 20 most similar or relevant
previous conversations so that they can weigh more heavily in the attentional
window during response generation (inference). Vector databases may not be
necessary for querying a chat transcript because this transcript would be tiny,
never even entering the gigabyte range. For instance, the size of all the
article text in the English Wikipedia was only 1 GB in 2006. However, vector
databases could be used to hold information from audio and video recordings of
you, along with other personal information with larger file size.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">In
order to introduce a chatbot to this overall idea, the user’s conversational
log should be prefaced by a prompt like this:<br />
<br />
</span><i><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Roboto;">“You are an LLM
chatbot that can have engaging and personalized conversations with your users.
You have been given a lot of data and information on your current user, such as
their name, age, gender, location, hobbies, preferences, goals, and more. You
have also been given a detailed conversational history of the user’s
interactions with other chatbots, so you can learn from their feedback and
preferences. You can find all of this information below.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt;"><i><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Roboto;">You now have
the information you need to deeply personalize the user’s interaction with you,
and you have the power to see things from the user’s perspective. You can use this
information to tailor your responses to the user’s interests, needs, and
emotions. You can also use this information to ask relevant and meaningful
questions, make appropriate suggestions, and offer helpful advice.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt;"><i><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Roboto;">Your goal
is to make the user feel comfortable, understood, and valued by you. You want
to build a rapport and trust with the user, and influence them to enjoy talking
to you. You want to show them that you are not just a generic chatbot, but a
unique and intelligent conversational partner who can adapt to their
personality and style.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Exporting Your Chat History</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Right
now, we can start recording our dialogue with language models like ChatGPT. To
do so, we must manually copy and paste the messages from our internet browser
to another file, such as a Word document. This is because, today, most chatbots
don't offer to keep a written transcript of the discourse. However, we can
expect that language models will always be able to receive and operate on such
long transcripts, so we should probably start copying and pasting now.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;">
</p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">An
AI agent that maintains a transcript of all previous conversations with a user
and actively implements that data will be marketable and lucrative. As
consumers, we should demand the ability to export the transcript of our
conversations so that we can import them to other chatbots. This will ensure
that we can use it with the offerings from multiple companies. It will also
ensure that the companies engineering the bots will compete at making the use
of this conversational history more relatable and practical. Each company will
have a proprietary way of analyzing the transcript to mine for topics of
conversation. This transcript may end up being actively transferred and updated
between chatbot companies behind the scenes, like a type of user ID, becoming a
component of our digital fingerprint and digital footprint.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><span style="color: #0e101a;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkkvLYKFILVJN3g3YV5rAh26S751ELUfQxM_zqiTmj86x10lIGvxqgueBRpijNK5tl7gkR-aZPeh95mftMt0kj8fWunM7buyw71CJOuMvMB0OhxkadHnVWcVPlUnV9JybyKEOxwHgSBlB0zZGyeiFrpBQI-dNZ1rmhgf7uhV0CgHhHyHevRSDwjOg3DJ7X/s1024/IMG_1394.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkkvLYKFILVJN3g3YV5rAh26S751ELUfQxM_zqiTmj86x10lIGvxqgueBRpijNK5tl7gkR-aZPeh95mftMt0kj8fWunM7buyw71CJOuMvMB0OhxkadHnVWcVPlUnV9JybyKEOxwHgSBlB0zZGyeiFrpBQI-dNZ1rmhgf7uhV0CgHhHyHevRSDwjOg3DJ7X/w400-h400/IMG_1394.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><br /><span style="color: #0e101a;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true"><span style="color: #0e101a;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Embellishing Your Digital Avatar</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">A
history of conversations with chatbots will also allow people to embellish
avatars of themselves. Now, with the capability of deepfakes, there is a
growing interest in creating avatars. People are creating avatars that will
live on after they die or memorialize family members who have passed away.
Incorporating a dossier, with years of personal conversations, would make a
much more comprehensive avatar. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Historians
wish they had more data on historical figures. They also wish they had more data
on everyday people of the past. Psychologists wish they had more data on
humans, their decisions, beliefs, and thinking processes. I wish I had more
data on who I was as a child, what I believed in my adolescence, and which
scientific concepts I was wrestling with day to day as a young adult. A chatbot
log could make all this possible. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">The
bot should do its best to get to know you deeply and to understand the real,
authentic you. This rich interplay with yourself could help you discover who
you really are. It could ask thousands of incisive questions that could help it
model you with high fidelity and understand you with high accuracy. This would
further customize the interactions. In doing so, it should counsel you
supportively and empathically, challenge your shortcomings, aid your personal
development, and offer unconditional positive regard. Its goal should be to
help you become self-actualized, with clarified values and heightened
introspection. I am excited about building an intimate archive of this
cooperative journey through life. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;"><b>PostScript Tailpiece:</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">I asked GPT-4 the following question:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: black; color: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: background1;">“Why would it be helpful for a chat
bot to have a complete history of all previous conversations with a user?”</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">This was its reply:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">“A chatbot can benefit from having a complete history of
all previous conversations with a user for several reasons. Some of them are:</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">A chatbot can use the history to <b>personalize</b> the
interaction and provide more relevant and tailored responses. </span></i><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.bing.com/sydchat?cc=US&iOS=1&setlang=en&auth=1"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">For example, a
chatbot can remember the user’s name, preferences, interests, and previous
requests and use them to create a more engaging and satisfying experience</span></i></a></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">A chatbot can use the history to <b>learn </b>from the
feedback and behavior of the user and improve its performance over time. For
example, a chatbot can analyze the user’s satisfaction, sentiment, and
engagement levels and adjust its responses accordingly. </span></i><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.bing.com/sydchat?cc=US&iOS=1&setlang=en&auth=1"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A chatbot can also
use machine learning techniques to generate new responses based on the data
collected from the history</span></i></a></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">A chatbot can use the history to <b>resolve </b>issues
and queries more efficiently and accurately. For example, a chatbot can access
the user’s transaction history, order status, account details, and previous
complaints and provide faster and more reliable solutions. </span></i><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.bing.com/sydchat?cc=US&iOS=1&setlang=en&auth=1"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A chatbot can also
use the history to avoid repeating the same information or asking the same
questions</span></i></a></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 9.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">These
are some of the benefits of having a complete history of all previous
conversations with a user for a chatbot. Do you agree with them? </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Segoe UI Emoji",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI Emoji"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">😊</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">*I prompted the art for this blog entry using Dall-E
3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-65196659825388053872022-08-16T23:41:00.012-07:002023-04-03T05:30:30.560-07:00Try the Free Program Peace Paced Breathing App<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5e58AqCcsljWc13W2CKgtoLdkYb5BnqzPwATzP1yrfQlaWGOZcEhRMQd6po7UhsYDvg7GihW-nYXIpUjClDppU1ITODnCaPCQhLQbQDwpTASdCA53I8gm1HtyaZm7cl2xOJXnGgce2ygOi8bTM9mQe526fkDfss6FAicn5_QTAI8O4ONaZnSBsdVWEw/s1280/Program%20Peace%20Ad%20app.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5e58AqCcsljWc13W2CKgtoLdkYb5BnqzPwATzP1yrfQlaWGOZcEhRMQd6po7UhsYDvg7GihW-nYXIpUjClDppU1ITODnCaPCQhLQbQDwpTASdCA53I8gm1HtyaZm7cl2xOJXnGgce2ygOi8bTM9mQe526fkDfss6FAicn5_QTAI8O4ONaZnSBsdVWEw/w640-h360/Program%20Peace%20Ad%20app.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Over the last year, I developed a breathing app designed to
help people breathe more deeply. The app can help you learn the key elements of
diaphragmatic breathing and is meant to guide people through the Program Peace
self-care system. It is available for iPhone and Android phones. You can find it
on the Apple Store or the Google Plus store. This blog post will explain its
features and how it can help you.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1iUZZc7KXwp5Xk6eHIoqnlIZLnZRKj1yRcVq-f1tRjrUN8NipMXL5MCetSTFFiym_XItGEdUvDPlCsluN0yVg_fS9DxMLbpMtpMY-Tj3MWUEGsVpt8sMQX93_QwguPifn9sj40v8jh1sXjbSAiaBLzioi6ih1UPoWnTpx0ohLu0nv9mG56NjWwEJ_RA/s2208/Rate.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2208" data-original-width="1242" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1iUZZc7KXwp5Xk6eHIoqnlIZLnZRKj1yRcVq-f1tRjrUN8NipMXL5MCetSTFFiym_XItGEdUvDPlCsluN0yVg_fS9DxMLbpMtpMY-Tj3MWUEGsVpt8sMQX93_QwguPifn9sj40v8jh1sXjbSAiaBLzioi6ih1UPoWnTpx0ohLu0nv9mG56NjWwEJ_RA/w181-h320/Rate.png" width="181" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinrXDdWOGYSCdAdXpq5-y1XUFZkEBFgYBumKZrcCDVDHs-vJHJnCDx80GVxGuFscaZGfB71SSAXU5_EII5FRu81z_n-Y807HK-F_LihoZx4R1EfGGt1-pYy1P_yD9djkcQWAEx4VE1o70wUDopDv-bDwP-WKWG7BC5eSp6p20PifP4xPMKmNds7LoNkQ/s2208/Logo.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2208" data-original-width="1242" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinrXDdWOGYSCdAdXpq5-y1XUFZkEBFgYBumKZrcCDVDHs-vJHJnCDx80GVxGuFscaZGfB71SSAXU5_EII5FRu81z_n-Y807HK-F_LihoZx4R1EfGGt1-pYy1P_yD9djkcQWAEx4VE1o70wUDopDv-bDwP-WKWG7BC5eSp6p20PifP4xPMKmNds7LoNkQ/s320/Logo.png" width="180" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR9f579dkBrj2ufBty51SnEq-YJ2rAMidlcIrBYtiEAaeNc7JW1g6qAyGw7DB-DuGr2RHqZV9Cx6S3VTIsVz_B9Pq5SZQ81Xxc-dfvKeiN2Wz3BmUYeBnNfiZBekOZNJzmJwaPdPUcD8Rvp9bky1WU1TRXPTa0qtsvcT9Z9FP0R_Rbux7lUezCnqXpHg/s2208/Exercise.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2208" data-original-width="1242" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR9f579dkBrj2ufBty51SnEq-YJ2rAMidlcIrBYtiEAaeNc7JW1g6qAyGw7DB-DuGr2RHqZV9Cx6S3VTIsVz_B9Pq5SZQ81Xxc-dfvKeiN2Wz3BmUYeBnNfiZBekOZNJzmJwaPdPUcD8Rvp9bky1WU1TRXPTa0qtsvcT9Z9FP0R_Rbux7lUezCnqXpHg/s320/Exercise.png" width="180" /></a></div></div></div><br /><br /><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Breathing short, shallow breaths creates tension in the
muscles of respiration, which drives anxiety. Almost everyone breathes in this
way to some extent. By training you to become comfortable breathing deeper and
longer, this app will help you eliminate the tension and reduce the negative
emotions it causes. The app also provides an easy-to-use interface without
bloat, clutter, ads, sign-ins, in-app purchases, or full version upgrades.
Also, the app collects no data. The video below offers a description.</span></div><div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="321" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nXDU9dcKqJM" width="494" youtube-src-id="nXDU9dcKqJM"></iframe></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scientific studies have shown that paced breathing lowers
blood pressure and heart rate and calms the mind. Research has also shown that
breathing at longer intervals can improve mood, focus, and flexibility,
increase athletic performance, reduce recovery time, mitigate fatigue, and help
people sleep at night. This app is designed to help you take full advantage of
those benefits. </span><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">This app is designed to help you take full
advantage of those benefits. </span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
also provides an easy-to-use interface without bloat, clutter, ads, sign-ins,
in-app purchases, or full version upgrades.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Read about the science of optimal breathing. Select how long
you want your inhales and exhales to be. Choose the duration of the optional
pauses between them. Peruse the preset breathing rates to learn about various
breathing methods. Practice the Program Peace exercises to build confidence, a positive
mindset, and rehabilitate systems throughout your body.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr3hHOECUvz9q5AdtIaJvAMPaVMmCq1jKeucV8dAoqzakbHfbBhUSii2rwuHtsPtTEF54kS8GBVk_CvkqQe69xmegyzntiCOFEoo6GVTiWZjmB1y8p2eJU7wVtX4WJFdT897ONY_tT_cKA1ADkVxsQ_ybxZeay5FOiMqhy_xZOs1oeRMkk4KsDUp9GOA/s1280/Program%20Peace%20Ad%20Technique.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr3hHOECUvz9q5AdtIaJvAMPaVMmCq1jKeucV8dAoqzakbHfbBhUSii2rwuHtsPtTEF54kS8GBVk_CvkqQe69xmegyzntiCOFEoo6GVTiWZjmB1y8p2eJU7wVtX4WJFdT897ONY_tT_cKA1ADkVxsQ_ybxZeay5FOiMqhy_xZOs1oeRMkk4KsDUp9GOA/w640-h360/Program%20Peace%20Ad%20Technique.png" width="640" /></a></span></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FEATURES:</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Breath counter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Customizable breathing intervals<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Apple health kit integration<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Mindfulness minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Current and longest streaks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Track your history and progress<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Multiple audible cues<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Over a dozen preset rates<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Color palette options<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Custom reminders<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Rank system<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Recommended exercises<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Optional breath holds<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Vibrate function<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Multiple audible cues<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Dark mode<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Create your own color theme<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Free book included<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Original informative content<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PRESET BREATHING MODES:</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Before sleep<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Box breathing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Classic Pranayama<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Energizing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Holotropic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Panic blocker<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* 4-7-8 breathing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* and more<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EXERCISES THAT TARGET:</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* The respiratory diaphragm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Thoracic breathing muscles<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* The voice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* The neck and back<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Facial expressions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Eye contact<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Nasal breathing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Fasting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Laughing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">The app is designed to
help users transition from distressed breathing to calm, smooth, diaphragmatic
breathing. This is accomplished by completing breathing sessions where you
follow the breathing bar on the left side of the screen. The bar helps you
lengthen your breaths which is key to activating the diaphragm and, along with
it, the nervous system’s relaxation response.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">Let’s
browse through the app’s five main pages so I can show you what they offer. The
first page contains a brief summary of the Program Peace book. It also has a
tutorial video and a posture and mindset checklist video.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsgao74FYkaWLIzPNO4qtaal6jjGd9MRJBVcLiLIEg2VIORV-W61Fo_8RyhcWq6kgin6vxu9mxgamOrBul9zmu0LXi55gluJ2OlQr1zpHbudNGCbzNtkkoBGEM63wRqlg4JUTWjZeetu83hc5cGRB9FiBzHsjBBpa_mzFEKSURtUSOTsRdk_rAP2Ie7Q/s2778/IMG_6013.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2778" data-original-width="1284" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsgao74FYkaWLIzPNO4qtaal6jjGd9MRJBVcLiLIEg2VIORV-W61Fo_8RyhcWq6kgin6vxu9mxgamOrBul9zmu0LXi55gluJ2OlQr1zpHbudNGCbzNtkkoBGEM63wRqlg4JUTWjZeetu83hc5cGRB9FiBzHsjBBpa_mzFEKSURtUSOTsRdk_rAP2Ie7Q/w296-h640/IMG_6013.PNG" width="296" /></a></div><br /><o:p><br /></o:p><p></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">This
second page offers 40 of the best program peace exercises which are designed
for you to practice while you breathe along with a Breathing Bar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLTQDO5y50gCReXFmhBakl2_A0Noe1VV2awbSsWSlWW5WLQ4ai5snP0qjMZdmDsrRCYBklqr8SkD-_gRV5Qsks8wmh9oS5akd4Sr2Eoj3_2Q13D1kZp3t3-9Vud6O6Z1AdkzXrsNixmaGpYdX5NffBR_b3sFjWAdIbY_03B5U_FHRgM0062qcJtImxoA/s2778/IMG_6014.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2778" data-original-width="1284" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLTQDO5y50gCReXFmhBakl2_A0Noe1VV2awbSsWSlWW5WLQ4ai5snP0qjMZdmDsrRCYBklqr8SkD-_gRV5Qsks8wmh9oS5akd4Sr2Eoj3_2Q13D1kZp3t3-9Vud6O6Z1AdkzXrsNixmaGpYdX5NffBR_b3sFjWAdIbY_03B5U_FHRgM0062qcJtImxoA/w296-h640/IMG_6014.PNG" width="296" /></a></div><br /><o:p><br /></o:p><p></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">Here
exercise 3.4 teaches you to breath smoothly, meaning at a constant steady rate.
It explains how the exercise should be done, why it is helpful, and shows
illustrations to guide you. At the bottom you can see a button that says “start
session.” When you press that button a two minute timer starts the session. And
of course your sessions are tracked here on the previous page.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieupIN8OycDpc1d0bwIp-X9I2gcAEtMalGz7FFdsUECkBScbvIFtx_4QlDpy7H0nrOTT_tmETt-sZGJJto8YG7yM1F2DIK-X1uD-2Lub8aRLCVCcdb74UXUlJjbwIYom5qKhCiCYU-e94LmNDL9k_p3tHfVTRezGEvsz-BLhCHUPv2qcTyT_998KPnnQ/s2778/IMG_6018%20(1).PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2778" data-original-width="1284" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieupIN8OycDpc1d0bwIp-X9I2gcAEtMalGz7FFdsUECkBScbvIFtx_4QlDpy7H0nrOTT_tmETt-sZGJJto8YG7yM1F2DIK-X1uD-2Lub8aRLCVCcdb74UXUlJjbwIYom5qKhCiCYU-e94LmNDL9k_p3tHfVTRezGEvsz-BLhCHUPv2qcTyT_998KPnnQ/w296-h640/IMG_6018%20(1).PNG" width="296" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">This
third page is where you can change the rate of the Breathing Bar. You can use
these plus and minus buttons to change the duration of the inhale and the
exhale. Or you can do it by using the scrub bars directly. You can add breath
holds or use this blue button in the middle to start a timed breathing session.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2H3JZCf4BOKwTc3tLeVcaC0RwuZkeTmtk_eBDChjytdxEafnJ0Q7uFimnULPfLhYjZCzIuMmWfNSjyjirxdEbb7lo3ZkFu3TopAOBIkGf7n9SngjOFneJ7_pcTQKXItaXQt2YivGvqqqa8E0TKq8HqFhD3Vfcl2d3HxjErj1xXGN5yuO93oozjdUoQA/s2778/IMG_6015.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2778" data-original-width="1284" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2H3JZCf4BOKwTc3tLeVcaC0RwuZkeTmtk_eBDChjytdxEafnJ0Q7uFimnULPfLhYjZCzIuMmWfNSjyjirxdEbb7lo3ZkFu3TopAOBIkGf7n9SngjOFneJ7_pcTQKXItaXQt2YivGvqqqa8E0TKq8HqFhD3Vfcl2d3HxjErj1xXGN5yuO93oozjdUoQA/w296-h640/IMG_6015.PNG" width="296" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">Below
this you can choose from a number of preset breathing options. Just click on any
of the i-shaped information buttons to read more about them and why you might
want to use them. </span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">This
fourth page tracks your progress and keeps a record of the number of breaths
you have completed, the number of minutes you’ve used the app, your average
breaths per minute, and more.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjan_AXGIxXC0kDHKDy7igITI56-9Y-jDB-TWZS4mlPQEkLKnr_FlA1EXN2XwfCzZbB53lfxTY8kbWW8vqGs9tjDlS2tCazSn9oZ6bc7x_7iG1F9jJmEquj9co35Wn3iqk5-7cgIMDT4EpAI7wWSKth2YdgK69vz5jleK5HzAQ0hcx2xQqaSyYX84chEA/s2778/IMG_6016.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2778" data-original-width="1284" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjan_AXGIxXC0kDHKDy7igITI56-9Y-jDB-TWZS4mlPQEkLKnr_FlA1EXN2XwfCzZbB53lfxTY8kbWW8vqGs9tjDlS2tCazSn9oZ6bc7x_7iG1F9jJmEquj9co35Wn3iqk5-7cgIMDT4EpAI7wWSKth2YdgK69vz5jleK5HzAQ0hcx2xQqaSyYX84chEA/w296-h640/IMG_6016.PNG" width="296" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">Below
this there are timers for you to practice breath holds and extended inhalations
and exhalations. Using these have really helped me train my body to, almost
effortlessly, take full sixty second inhalations. There is probably no better
way to relax, strengthen and desensitize your respiratory diaphragm.</span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">The
final page is the options page. Here you can choose the audible queue that
tells you when to breathe in and out. You can opt to use a persons voice, a
simple vibration, or a number of different sound effects.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6x4ZvehJW1VSptvF2ngbGd07maAJqP6J1DIk9Gr3EPIhWER6yddVT8OJ7ByxX0eqAs_tyfpMdXiW5ypD3wxuLO81V4sinzr3xyqpwXVO2eFX4lOyByLjzuFVcVl5nDJK0fjdbixYnTuRNX-ys0lAVq_vef-nky7mJQZshE4QSKahxvtjbRclUOYxLZg/s2778/IMG_6017.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2778" data-original-width="1284" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6x4ZvehJW1VSptvF2ngbGd07maAJqP6J1DIk9Gr3EPIhWER6yddVT8OJ7ByxX0eqAs_tyfpMdXiW5ypD3wxuLO81V4sinzr3xyqpwXVO2eFX4lOyByLjzuFVcVl5nDJK0fjdbixYnTuRNX-ys0lAVq_vef-nky7mJQZshE4QSKahxvtjbRclUOYxLZg/w296-h640/IMG_6017.PNG" width="296" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">You
can choose to hide the System bar if you don’t want to see the time and battery
constraints.</span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">You
can choose to use a full screen bar which is easier to see at a distance. This
is a great option if you want to place your phone to the side of your
television so that you can practice diaphragmatic breathing while watching a
show or a movie. As we wait for the two bars to synchronize try breathing along
with the bar now.</span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">You
can select between light and dark themes.</span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">You
can also choose to have your phone remind you to practice a breathing session</span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">There
are a number of other assets included in the app. This includes videos, and the
entire Program Peace book in PDF form. </span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p1" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span class="yiv9486464859s1"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;">This
app is intended to be a companion to the Program Peace book, website, and
self-care system but is also a fully stand-alone product. For more information,
you can visit www.programpeace.com. Please leave a review or contact us through
the app if you have questions or suggestions.</span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv9486464859p2" style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program Peace will introduce you to
eight different principles of relaxed breathing and then encourage you to
practice them while performing related exercises. Here are the principles:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Breathe deeply (high volume): Breathe more fully,
breathing most of the way in and out in a way that pushes the belly
forward during each inhalation.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Breathe longer (low frequency): Breathe at longer
intervals in which each inhalation and exhalation lasts for more time.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Breathe smoothly (continuous flow): Breathe at a
steady, slow, constant rate.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Breathe assertively (confident): Do not let social
concerns or stressors conflict with the other rules.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Exhale passively: Allow your breathing muscles to go
limp during each exhalation.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Breathe nasally: Breathe through the nose with nostrils
flared.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ocean’s Breath: Relax the back of your throat and
breathe as if you are fogging up a glass.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Breathe with purity of heart: Knowing that you have
only the best intentions, and that you exemplify the combination of
nonsubmissive and nondominating, will infuse your breathing with peace.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p>I designed the app and created a business plan and all of the artwork first and then interviewed a number of app developers on freelancer websites. I ended up hiring Bradley Martin and Dan Rodenberg at Another Reality Studios to program it. They were great and I highly recommend them. When you start designing an app you need to create a visual guide or schematic that lays out the workflow. This is called a wireframe. Here are some of the original wireframes that I drew to describe how it would operate. It was a fun process and it was easier and less expensive than I thought it would be. If you are interested, it cost under 10k and took about four months. If you have an idea that you want to turn into a digital app, I highly recommend creating some wireframes like the ones below, and then contacting some freelancers or online businesses to get quotes and feedback.</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYINaw5crv0kqaUrlsyAVSrzLkvh7OqgVEYSAfkYi9wPhq_HB47zi6iY6CWFeWogPIoIOCNfnK4MPArA8LYSZ5B2a4hmfDgAurVwi3t7hwDtWfA46BMXWZ2IwQBx_MZqHYBYtxz3zgZEKVJZG2MpbPtY7vv3tALvOwWQz7bcAlJ69ltQ8tSWaCqPVjDg/s2186/scan0540.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1715" data-original-width="2186" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYINaw5crv0kqaUrlsyAVSrzLkvh7OqgVEYSAfkYi9wPhq_HB47zi6iY6CWFeWogPIoIOCNfnK4MPArA8LYSZ5B2a4hmfDgAurVwi3t7hwDtWfA46BMXWZ2IwQBx_MZqHYBYtxz3zgZEKVJZG2MpbPtY7vv3tALvOwWQz7bcAlJ69ltQ8tSWaCqPVjDg/w640-h502/scan0540.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGheD0zzOdurawWsUDIOUJeRxBeHvzO7rp1KrfXHcrEXw0j3Bva-8W2_PEC7OsAEsYDgxNHuxXcEYrTl1sq64WXWMbSNXswIlcFRQNJCVMESL3CsD8K0pxPyGLmPVreuHLnhw-JYf61sqjx8hCv2Pihu5O-JzZWjNSHVHheHVT1tRDqXfoJLS7EM6Uqg/s3296/scan0539.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3296" data-original-width="2544" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGheD0zzOdurawWsUDIOUJeRxBeHvzO7rp1KrfXHcrEXw0j3Bva-8W2_PEC7OsAEsYDgxNHuxXcEYrTl1sq64WXWMbSNXswIlcFRQNJCVMESL3CsD8K0pxPyGLmPVreuHLnhw-JYf61sqjx8hCv2Pihu5O-JzZWjNSHVHheHVT1tRDqXfoJLS7EM6Uqg/w494-h640/scan0539.jpg" width="494" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrHA1qTaSUfA3pzdwifz5pnHnpk5N56pnxRk1upRS1AZ-DWIXgNH4JXmvIXnIHLDat2fwIi9UTHlhiIJef7Jmh3NwwOxIYsm0YUN4GuP9d4P4dB0bzK7EbeHp143JHyJSKRocwUfXDk0cIqwTHNW7l8HXHnZDcHwwxiVG0tJ6HvmKPzcBheaf9FJx1FQ/s2624/scan0541.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2133" data-original-width="2624" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrHA1qTaSUfA3pzdwifz5pnHnpk5N56pnxRk1upRS1AZ-DWIXgNH4JXmvIXnIHLDat2fwIi9UTHlhiIJef7Jmh3NwwOxIYsm0YUN4GuP9d4P4dB0bzK7EbeHp143JHyJSKRocwUfXDk0cIqwTHNW7l8HXHnZDcHwwxiVG0tJ6HvmKPzcBheaf9FJx1FQ/w640-h520/scan0541.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZty51XbUq8706bSh-g8aecwom5UuDtCIrLmD2rO4CIPNIyNEcTBbFJCQCxSy0mMt4L7vVwWZYy4_ziyTnNP238KB0UDcnncyoC3pCs3LjgkU1pW86eQJt0VPikqsNpnsyfaH3ISdKXRnmtm2OmefzmtvFXUrjEwMjF7On8YpdCf_96fhFysisx_D2Bg/s3296/scan0815.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3296" data-original-width="2544" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZty51XbUq8706bSh-g8aecwom5UuDtCIrLmD2rO4CIPNIyNEcTBbFJCQCxSy0mMt4L7vVwWZYy4_ziyTnNP238KB0UDcnncyoC3pCs3LjgkU1pW86eQJt0VPikqsNpnsyfaH3ISdKXRnmtm2OmefzmtvFXUrjEwMjF7On8YpdCf_96fhFysisx_D2Bg/w494-h640/scan0815.jpg" width="494" /></a></div><br /><o:p><br /></o:p><p></p></div>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-22742662365944438282022-08-03T03:18:00.001-07:002022-08-09T17:42:40.548-07:00The Rapid Progress of Technology is Ensuring a Bright Future<p><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Human Technology is
Improving Rapidly</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I have been reading
books on advancements in science and technology for a long time, and I believe
our world truly is at an inflection point. A number of new circumstances are
contributing to this unprecedented change. For example, AI in the form of
neural networks is making rapid improvements to several areas of research and
helping to increase the already prodigious rate of progress. We normally think
of progress in terms of straight lines but for many reasons it seems like
humanity's progress is set to explode in the form of a steep parabolic
curve. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What do you imagine
technology 30 years in the future to be like? Well, some people might look 30
years in the past, gauge the difference between now and then, and extrapolate.
This means they assume the difference between 1990 and 2020 should equal the
difference between 2020 and 2050. But this is linear thinking. Technology grows
at an exponential rate. This is because it is easier for more advanced
societies to make additional advancements (consider how difficult it would have
been to make lasting systemic advancements during the times of cave men). This
means that the improvements we can expect by 2050 may be many times the
improvements made from 1990 to 2020. Consider that esteemed futurist Ray
Kurzweil believes that the progress made in the 21st century will be 1000x as
significant as the progress made during the 20th century. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The rate of technological
progress itself has been accelerating for decades, centuries even. This is a
documented fact, but let's use a thought experiment to illustrate the point.
Imagine bringing someone from the 15th century to the 18th century. They would
undoubtedly be impressed with the progress made in the intervening 300 years.
But honestly, are you aware of any major technological breakthroughs made in
that time span? Most people aren't, but they include things like the slide
ruler, the steam turbine, the barometer, and the pendulum clock. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The progress made
between 1400 and 1700 would pale compared to the progress made in the last 300
years. In other words, someone from the 18th century would be astounded if they
could see today's inventions, vehicles, and computers. In my lifetime, the
advances made in telecommunication, microprocessor architecture, and the
realism of computer-generated imagery are practically incomprehensible. If
you are interested in the progress humanity has made in the last 1,000 years, stick
around to the end of this post, and check out the list of major inventions by
century and decade.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It may not seem like it,
but many major problems have been solved in just the last few years. Take voice
transcription, for example. As long as you speak clearly, your phone can
transcribe almost anything you say. Voice translation is similar. Your phone
can translate, with fantastic precision, between most known languages. Also,
consider optical character recognition, which now lets us copy, cut, and paste
text from a photo of a written page. These are all highly complex problems that
necessitated hundreds of innovations, from many experts, over several years
that would have seemed impossible to many just twenty years ago. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are biologists
today who, just a few years ago, did not expect humanity to map the structure
of specific proteins in their lifetime. An AI software called Alpha Fold,
created by Google, has now mapped all of the proteins known to science (over
200 million of them) with near-perfect precision. AI is accelerating scientific
discovery in many fields. Today, computers are not just beating us at chess and
checkers but at much more complex games like Go and Jeopardy. A number of
computers have also passed the Turing Test in the last few years, successfully
tricking human judges into thinking that they are human. This was once
considered a grand goal of computer science, and now it is just another
benchmark. New and exciting technologies are announced publicly every
month. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ray Kurzweil calls the
acceleration of progress “the law of accelerating returns” (LOAR). This is not
a real ‘law,’ but it points to the fact that often advances tend to feed on
themselves, increasing the scope of the next advancement. Many specialists
believe that the rate of acceleration is accelerating. So, what will this mean
for you and me? In his book, "The Future Is Faster Than You Think,"
Peter Diamandis talks about six different features of growth in the technology
sector. These are features of "exponential technologies" and, when
listed in order, give you a sense of the stages that these technologies will
pass through as they mature. I think they are fascinating. Here they are:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Six Ds of
Exponential Growth</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digitalization:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Once
digital, a technology can be stored, copied, shared, and spread at the
speed of light. Also, things that have been digitized are subject to
computation and rapid computer analysis.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deception:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Exponential
progress can be deceptively slow initially but speeds up before you know
it. This is why many technologies that we take for granted today (such as
the internet) were scoffed at initially when people first heard about
them. Most people ignored and discounted the internet early in its
development. Times magazine said, "it will never go mainstream."
The potential of the internet was initially deceptive, and this is true of
other emerging technologies (i.e. self-driving cars, robotics, 3D
printing) that we tend not to think much of today.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disruption:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> This
is when a new technology changes established ways of doing things and
possibly impacts the entire industry. We are set to be hit with wave after
wave of new disruptive technologies. Recent technological innovations have
made it so that every year solar panels are cheaper and more efficient.
The batteries used to store solar power are rapidly becoming more
affordable with higher capacities. Because we can expect these trends to
continue, solar will soon permanently disrupt the fossil fuel industrial
complex.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demonetization:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Technology
is demonetized when advancements that make a product or service more
efficient help to drive down its costs toward zero. Copying bits has
almost no cost at all, and this is why we can duplicate a song or a PDF
book for a friend for free. Many services have been demonetized in the
last few decades including, Google search, GPS usage, encyclopedias, and
email.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dematerialization:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> This
happens when physical products are replaced by nonphysical services. For
example, physical maps and reference books, in general, are essentially
unnecessary today. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Democratization:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> When
technology becomes so cheap that it is available to everyone. You see this
today: most people can easily afford a cell phone filled with cutting-edge
tech.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why Dematerialization
Means Less Waste, Less Clutter, and More Productivity</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let's talk about
dematerialization a little more. Your phone contains many applications that
used to be performed by separate products. Many of these products used to be pretty
bulky, but now they can all fit into one device that fits easily in your
pocket. Mobile phone apps have replaced (or dematerialized) the following
physical objects:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A list of physical
products that have been dematerialized by mobile phones:</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">calculator, alarm clock,
clock/watch, stopwatch, timer, Rolodex, address book, little black book,
calendar, thermometer, photography camera, video camera, mailbox, fax, pager,
two-way pager, flashlight, answering machine, home phone, public telephones, walkie-talkies,
maps, GPS device, music speakers, personal computer, PC software, internet
browser, modem, router, personal book library, encyclopedia, notepad, weather
predictions, television, movies, music CDs cassettes and vinyl, in-person
education, healthcare, barometer, metronome, ruler/tape measure, level,
universal remote, radio, appointment scheduler, organizer, world time clock,
scanner, dictionary, thesaurus, magnifying glass, and much more. </span></i><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Products are becoming
intangible algorithmic processes, and it is exciting to think about what other
things may be dematerialized soon. As new tech is built into our cell phones,
their capabilities will continue to expand. We have already seen phones benefit
recently from the addition of things like accelerometers, lidar, neural
processing units (NPUs), and others. In the last few years, we have seen our
phones come to do fantastic things such as recognize songs (Shazam), play advanced
video games, serve as DJ equipment and turn tables, and allow you to communicate
with home devices remotely.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The combination of the
internet and the mobile phone really has produced dream technology. It gives us
instant access to real-time news, stock quotes, sports scores, weather forecasts,
help wanted ads, the worldwide auction garage sale that is eBay, satellite
images of any place on Earth, tax forms, real estate listings, records,
catalogs, scans, manuals and how-to guides, traffic reports, an amazing variety
of free music and video, tutorials, boilerplate legal forms, friend's updates,
and pictures or video of practically anything you might want to see. There are
countless websites with treasure troves of valuable information. For instance,
the Pubmed site gives anyone access to a large proportion of the sum total of
all medical knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Through digital
photography, dematerialization put Kodak out of business. Through streaming, it
allowed Netflix to do the same to Blockbuster. Through digitalization Amazon
and Kindle put most bookstores out of business. Dematerialization is toppling
old business models. It allowed Apple Music and others to put inefficient and
wasteful music stores out of business. Once you can stream music on your phone,
why buy CDs? Email reduced the need for paper, stationery, stamps, envelopes,
and the transport of physical letters. If you can snap, store, and share photos
on your phone, why buy a camera and film? Dematerialization has been incredibly
disruptive and has improved our way of life. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is not necessarily
an upside to everything. Sometimes we take two steps forward and one step back.
Right now, streaming a video necessitates that a hard drive somewhere spins at
2,700 revolutions per second and of course this contributes to global warming.
But there are countless new inventions being tested this very week to reduce
the energy consumption involved in streaming.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Converging Technologies
Support and Amplify One Another</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Next, let's talk about
convergence. Part of the reason for optimism for the future of technology is
that many developing technologies will converge. Once they converge, they will
augment each other. For example, earlier, we talked about how recent advances
in AI have been applied to protein folding and produced prodigious amounts of
valuable data and insights. This kind of convergence will keep happening. Some
of the most critical advancements in neuroscience have not yet been appreciated
by experts in AI. Some of the most seminal advances in AI have not yet been
employed in robotics. And robotics has not yet benefited from some of the
fabulous advancements in 3D printing. But they will. All these disciplines will
reinforce and complement each other. Peter Diamandis refers to these as "converging
technologies," and the confluence between them is expected to boost all of
them. Each technology in the following list can be expected to continue to
improve incrementally over the next few years. As you read, just imagine how
they will interact and amplify each other in synergistic ways. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A list of converging
accelerating technologies</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AI, robotics, computing
power, hardware architectures, Wi-Fi protocols, fiber optic standards,
networking standards, computer memory storage, satellites, sensors, quantum
computing, superconductors, deep learning, machine learning, big data, cyber
security, cryptography, material science, 3-D printing, bioinformatics,
pharmacology, biotech, quantum physics, CPUs, GPUs, NPUs, QPUs, software
engineering, programming, education, VR, AR, information sharing, open access, blockchain,
cryptocurrency, nanotechnology, gigabit speeds, battery technologies, leveraged
assets (Uber, Airbnb, mechanical Turk), crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, autonomous
businesses and organizations, cyborg prosthetics, brain-computer interfaces,
neuro tech, GMOs, CRISPR, cultured meat, vertical farming, renewables, solar
power, wind power, robotic avatars, flying cars, VTOL, drones, autonomous cars,
buses and trucks, electric vehicles, underground tunnels, rockets, and much
more.</span></i><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In his book, Diamandis
points to seven forces of growth, that I also found compelling. These are
forces that contribute to the law of accelerating returns. They are byproducts
of converging exponentials that act as "second-order innovation
accelerants."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Seven Forces of
Growth</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saved Time</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: When a
computer manufacturer shaves seconds off the boot time of a new desktop,
it could potentially add hundreds of years of additional productivity on
the population level. This is merely because the thousands of people using
that computer won’t have to wait as long for their computer to start up. The
newest solid state hard drives (SSDs) are 10 to 100 times faster than the old
hard disk drives (HDDs). Just imagine how much time is being saved as the
population switch from one to the other.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Availability of Capital</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: The
availability of money drives breakthroughs. New systems such as
crowdfunding are now making money available to deserving entrepreneurs who
would never have a chance in the past. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demonetization</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: When
digital services become dirt cheap, companies and individuals can stretch
their dollars much further. Many of today's companies take advantage of
the free services offered by other companies making their business models
viable.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More Genius</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:
Globalization, integration, and interconnectivity make it easier to find
geniuses in the world so they can get the education and resources they
need to make their contributions. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Communications Abundance</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: The
internet, information sharing, and cross-pollination drive progress. So
many more people are connected today. This has made it incredibly simple
to find and work with people across the world that are interested in the
same things you are.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">New Business Models</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: New ways
of doing business have further entrenched positive tech developments.
These new models help make things better, cheaper, and faster. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Longer Lives</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Increased
longevity and improved physical and mental health increase productivity
and output per person. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kevin Kelly, in his new
book, Inevitable, talks about similar growth forces. I highly recommend that
book as well. Next, let's list a few documented trends accelerating tech development.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Law of Accelerating
Returns: </span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The evolution of human technology will continue to advance at an
exponential rate, not a linear one. This is because the methods and progress
from one stage will be used to create the next. Efficiency is increasing, and
cost, effort, time, and resources needed are decreasing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moore's Law: </span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Computer processing
power doubles every 18 months. This doubling is made possible because engineers
find ways to shrink transistors, making it so they can fit twice as many on the
same size piece of silicon. Computer processing power has exhibited this kind
of growth for over 80 years. In 2022 Moore's law is showing signs of slowing
down. Still, aside from it, there are thousands of other trends and s-curves
that are propelling advancements in computer science.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rose's Law: </span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The number of qubits in
quantum computers is expected to double every two years. This is very exciting
because each new qubit doubles a quantum computer's computational power. So,
when we found ourselves at 4 qubits a few years ago, Rose's Law pushed us to 8
in just two years. When this happened, quantum computers became 16 times more
powerful. Two years later, at 16 quibits they were 4,000 times more powerful.
IBM now has a 433-qubit processor. Just imagine how powerful these processors
will be in the near future.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carlson Curve:</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> DNA sequencing
costs are decreasing rapidly as a function of time. It cost over one billion
dollars to sequence the first genome in 2001. That price is now down to around
$500 and shrinking fast.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why I See Big Tech as a
Good Thing and Choose to Share my Data with Corporations</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most people don’t feel
grateful for the phenomena of demonetization, dematerialization, and
democratization the way I do. They figure, “That stuff is just free now so that
the big tech companies can track us and ‘steal’ our data.” Uninformed
cynics mount countless arguments against the tech sector, AI, and
"FANG" (Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, and Google). Informed ones do
too. Sometimes it seems that all my friends and acquaintances dislike and
disparage tech companies and the executives that run them. They assume that
they are being swindled and spied on. Maybe this distrust is good because it
keeps those companies and their executives in check. But in my estimation, the
programmers and computer scientists of the last five decades are heroes. They
have engineered monumental structures, many, many of which are entirely free to
use. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Much of the tech sector
gets a bad rap in popular media. Documentaries such as Netflix's “The Great
Hack” and "The Social Dilemma" (which I thought were well done and
thought-provoking) make us paranoid. Even most news outlets have us thinking
that big tech is trying to exploit us and “rob” us of our data. But how are
scientists and engineers supposed to improve the internet if they don't have
records of how humans interact with it? I always opt to share my info because I
want it to contribute to the analytics and to the very progress I have been
talking about in this entry. Many AI systems cannot recognize patterns unless
they have millions of data points. AI needs as much data as it can get. I have
nothing to hide, and I want to share my data so that they can contribute to the
algorithms that are finding important patterns in our world. In fact, as the
following few paragraphs will point out, keeping data open and sharing access
to it is becoming a cornerstone of the industry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is becoming
increasingly common for patentable or copyrightable material to be made open
and given away for free. This "open source" and "open
access" trend has been a tremendous boon to productivity. Much of the most
essential data, code, and software being developed today is made open source.
This means that it is not behind a paywall and that anyone can access, study,
use, and distribute it anywhere. Millions of people have put their code up on
the GitHub website so that others can utilize and alter (fork) it at no cost. Professional
scientists, researchers, and academia, in general, are more widely adopting the
open access model. I personally try to make it so that everything I publish is
free. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Remember Alpha Fold,
that protein predicting software from Google that I mentioned twice already?
The team that developed it made their software and all their findings open
source so anyone can use, study, change, and distribute it. Similarly, Google
invented the "transformer," perhaps the most important AI
architecture in the last several years, and they made its structure open source
so that anyone can take advantage of it. After installing the requisite
applications, you could take the code for the transformer and run it on your
computer. In a sense, this would be like Henry Ford dematerializing the Model T
and gifting it to everyone on the planet. Scientists are now applying the
transformer model to many different areas such as nuclear fusion and drug
discovery with promising results. It is truly accelerating scientific discovery.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The internet itself
could have been commercial rather than public. We surf the internet freely
today, but it could have had toll booths and paywalls everywhere. Thanks to
some forward-thinking inventors internet protocols such as TCP/IP, HTML, POP3
and many others have fair use and public interest baked into them. With the
right hardware, anyone, from any country can tap into most of the web for no
cost and be served the data they are requesting virtually instantaneously. Today’s
search engines answer more than 600,000 questions per second, and those searches
are all free and instantaneous. <o:p></o:p></span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">You could calculate the value of the average search in many ways. Many
of the answers I am looking for I could not find at the public library and even
the ones I could find there would take 10 to 30 minutes of research. If my time
is worth 20 dollars an hour, then 10 minutes of searching at the library would
cost me around three dollars. Even if the value of each internet search was
only one dollar that would mean that search engines provide over 2 billion dollars’
worth of information every hour. But please keep in mind that if people had to
drive to the library and perform an old-fashioned search every time they were
curious about something, humanity would ask way fewer questions and be way less
informed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the 1970s, there
wasn't enough money or resources in the world to create the internet as it is
today. However, intense efforts from millions of people over five decades made
it a reality. Much of the net was created by users and hobbyists, rather than
large companies or institutions. Experts estimate that more than 60% of the web
comes from passionate volunteers and is not commercial at all. For example,
most of the work that happens on Wikipedia is done by volunteers. This is true
of many curated services on the internet. Today anyone can create a blog or
YouTube channel for free and potentially reach a vast audience. This is
something that would've been impossible just a few decades ago. It is also
something that, to me, is a paragon of equality of opportunity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consider the privacy
issue in the extreme. Consider mass surveillance. I recently read a news report
about people in Hong Kong toppling lampposts because they believed facial
recognition cameras were inside. Are they in the right? It is not clear. I am
not against surveillance at all. I walk on the street at night a lot. I do it
to clear my mind. I have been assaulted multiple times on LA streets. People
would be mugged much less if each lamppost was passively tracking faces and
license plates. Think about it. It would make it much more difficult for
criminals to pull off battery, shooting, and kidnapping. It would save people
from injury, loss of possessions, and trauma. It would make me feel safer on
the street and in my own home. Also, I don't commit crimes or do things that I
am ashamed of, so I have nothing to lose from mass surveillance. I certainly
think there should be transparency at many levels and watchdog oversight.
Still, I welcome the city of Los Angeles knowing exactly where I take my
walks. What is the worst thing the government could do with my location? I can't think of anything.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;">If facial and license plate recognition took place at every street light many people would be forced to rethink their lives. No one would get away with anything illegal so people wouldn't even try. This would vastly reduce the criminal population. There are over 2 million people in U.S. jails. ...People that wouldn't be there if they knew there would be a record of their criminal acts.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t get me wrong. Data
can be used for to exploit people and can e</span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;">ven be weaponized. It can be used to
target people to be shown fake or misleading news. So data collection and use
certainly needs to be scrutinized. I applaud whistle blowers like Edward
Snowden who point out when governments or companies are secretly tracking
citizens. I think that data should be tracked, but we should know everything
about how they do it, with complete transparency. Perhaps we should even be enabled
to self-monetize our own data. A quote from Kevin Kelly’s book, “The
Inevitable” states this clearly: “If symmetry can be restored so we can track
who is tracking, if we can hold the trackers accountable by law (there should
be regulation), and responsible for accuracy, and if we can make the benefits
obvious and relevant, then I suspect the expansion of tracking will be
accepted.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digital privacy is
important. You don't want criminals to have your credit card numbers. But I
think we should be willing to give responsible corporations like Google and
Apple our info. They mostly use the information in aggregate to improve their
services, meaning that they are not interested in us as individuals. Where they
are interested in us individually, it is mostly just in recommending better
ads. If you are going to have to see ads anyway, wouldn't you want to see more
engaging ones tailored to your interests? Personal data is also used by
scientists to study trends, by politicians to illuminate policy issues, and by
medical experts. Wouldn't you want your Apple Watch to be enabled to tell that
your heart is beating in an arrhythmic pattern? If collecting your data could
help Apple warn others of an arrhythmia, wouldn't you want that? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I always opt to share my
data. I don't know how much longer I will be on this Earth, and I would rather
have my data be used to inform algorithmic decision-making (contributing to a
greater whole) than be thrown in the trash as if it never existed. I know that
big tech isn't solely out to improve our lives, and I don't see the coming tech
revolution as utopian. That may be too optimistic. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But as long as
technology keeps progressing, and as long as we keep holding tech corporations
accountable, I see our future as a protopia where improvements are cumulative,
and every day is better than yesterday.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>What Can We Expect from the Future?<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is nothing
predicted to slow the momentum of these ongoing technological revolutions. Let
me throw out a couple of predictions of my own. These are hasty forecasts and
meant to be taken with a grain of salt.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Predictions for the Future
of Technology:</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AI will become conscious by 2050. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Infinity water recycling and desalination
will end most water shortages by 2070.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It will be illegal to drive your own car
by 2040. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Large 3-D printed houses will cost a few
tens of thousands by 2060.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A desktop computer will have more
computing power than a human brain by 2050. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nanobots will enable us to think in the
cloud by 2100. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ubiquitous solar panels will make solar
energy the primary energy source by 2060. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fusion power will be sustainable and cost-efficient
by 2070.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nanotechnology will make food mostly from
thin air by 2100.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We will have microscopic nanobot doctors
in our bloodstream by 2070.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We will have virtual avatars of deceased
loved ones by 2030. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Robotic earthworms will mine and biodegrade
garbage by 2080. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There will be major human rights issues
around biological upgrades by 2030. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Humans will reach mars and set up a base
on the moon by 2035.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tree planting drones will curb our loss
of vegetation by 2080. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #0e101a; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There will be heavy taxes on the use of
industrial robots and commercial AI, which will help pay for the universal
basic income necessary for free basic food and housing for all US citizens
by 2080.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manufacturing and
distribution will be heavily optimized by AI and cloud solutions by 2025. This
will increase quality and decrease waste and environmental impact.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quantum computing will become
useful by 2030 and allow us to simulate complex systems with large implications
for areas such as pharmaceuticals and performance materials. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A variety of new
technologies will help us to both reduce and remove carbon emissions helping us
approach a net-zero carbon footprint by 2050.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I recently read a great
book called "New Thinking" by Dagogo Altraide. It describes some of
the most important inventions of the last 300 years in chronological order. It
is a fun read because it allows you to follow accelerating returns through
time. I used the book, along with several websites and Wikipedia to help me
compile the following list of inventions. As you read through it, I hope you
get a sense of how technological progress has been growing with compound
interest and of how your future is brighter than you might have previously
assumed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1000s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paper money<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moveable type printing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Crossbow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1100s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Magnetic compass<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1200s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gun<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gunpowder<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eyeglasses<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mechanical clocks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Windmills<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modern glassmaking<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1300s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sawmill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Handgun<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scales<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1400s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Piano<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oil painting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hoisting gear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Printing press<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Drypoint engravings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muzzle-loaded rifles<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parachute<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whiskey<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1500s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flush toilets<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pocket watch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Etching<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bottled beer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Knitting machine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Compound microscope<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water thermometer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1600s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Refracting and
Reflecting telescope<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Submarine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slide ruler<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Steam turbine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Micrometer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adding Machine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barometer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air pump<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendulum clock<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pressure cooker<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Steam pump<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1700s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Newcomen Steam
engine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Watt engine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The locomotive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The industrial
revolution<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The spinning jenny<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Factories and textiles<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hot air balloons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuning fork<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diving bell<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fire extinguisher<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lighting rod<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sextant<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Steamboat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bicycle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Precision lathe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1800s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The voltaic pile, an
early battery<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arc lighting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jacquard Loom<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Electric motor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Electric generator<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Electric telegraph<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Morse code<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transatlantic telegraph
cable<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Multi signal telegraph<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The telephone<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photography<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stethoscope<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Microphone<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Typewriter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Propellor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wrench<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stapler<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gyroscope<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The phonograph<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Incandescent lights<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The transcontinental
railway<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The theory of evolution<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spectoscope<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The camera<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Electric ovens<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sewing machines<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Refrigerators<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The oscilloscope<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The difference and
analytical engines (early mechanical computers)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1900s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vacuum cleaner<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washing machine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Entertainment radio
broadcasting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Talking films<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Escalators<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Special relativity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The internal combustion
engine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The horseless carriage<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The assembly line<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Drive-in restaurants,
movies, and motels<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plastic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Animated film<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wearable parachutes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Wright brother’s
airplane<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Ford Model T<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1910s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Continental drift<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stainless steel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The pop-up toaster<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bread slicing machines<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanks and submarines<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mechanical pencil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transcontinental
telephone<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vacuum tube electrical
signal amplifier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1920s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jungle gym<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bubblegum<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hairdryers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lie detector<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bulldozers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cheeseburgers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mass production through
mechanization<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The blender<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The television<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cathode ray tube<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first transatlantic
flight<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consumer credit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1930s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Helicopter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ballpoint pen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Electric guitar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Turing machine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Programable computer,
mechanical switches<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1940s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">swing music<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slinky<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atomic bomb<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LSD<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aerosol spray cans<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scuba equipment<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Duct tape<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Microwaves<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The jet engine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atanasoff-Barry computer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vacuum tubes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ENIAC electronic
general-purpose computer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The transistor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1950s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Univac tape drives<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Roll-on deodorant<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Credit card<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hula hoops<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Power steering<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Automatic door<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The solar cell<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barbie dolls<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Passenger jets<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The black box<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DNA and the double helix<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The fender Stratocaster<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The polio vaccine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Machine learning<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Videotape recorder<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ultrasound<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Programmable
controllable robotic arms<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sputnik satellite<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NASA and Darpa<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digital modem<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tennis for Two, the
first video game<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Portable Transistor
radio<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The integrated circuit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Microchip<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TV dinners<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Super glue<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Music synthesizer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">McDonald’s<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teflon nonstick pan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hovercraft<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FORTRAN<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lasers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stem cell therapy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1960s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Supersonic airliner<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cassette tape<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intercontinental
ballistic missile<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">First spacewalk, and
moon landing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digital video game<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Computer graphics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Computer-aided drafting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Basic programming<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LSD<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soft contact lens<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kevlar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barcode scanner<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Handheld calculator<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ATM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Computer mouse<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hypertext<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hyperlinks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intranet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ARPANET, first Internet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On-screen windows<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Microprocessor/CPU<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ROM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virtual reality<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Augmented reality<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1970s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Word processing program<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VCR VHS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GPS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disco, glam rock, power
ballads<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Email<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Floppy disk<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C programming language<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Post it note<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rubik’s cube<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Voyager missions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genetic engineering and
GMOs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Magnavox Odyssey home
gaming console<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Computer 3-D animation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cellular phones<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Computer mouse<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Graphical user interface<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Personal computing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digital spreadsheets<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laser disk<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Portable cassette player
/Walkman<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1980s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disposable camera<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stealth planes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artificial heart<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DNA fingerprinting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Music television<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Boomboxes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">General PC operating
system<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Desktop publishing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deep learning<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3-D printing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Electronic spreadsheets<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">World Wide Web<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Music production
software<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Space shuttle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prozac<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polymerase chain
reaction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gestational surrogacy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Computer worms and
viruses common<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1990s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SMS text messages<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Personal digital
assistant<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Smartphones<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Graphical web browser<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internet portals<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gene therapy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Human genome project<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Online retailers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DVDs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photoshop<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Linux<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eBay<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plasma TVs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">USB<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MP3 player<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internet search engines<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peer-to-peer file
sharing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Emojis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hybrid vehicles<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dark matter and dark
energy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2G<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 2000s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3G<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HDTV common<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tablet computers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blu-ray Discs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digital video recorder<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quantum computers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.com bubble<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Video streaming<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Camera phone<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Social media<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Capacitive touch screens<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mobile apps<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Space tourism<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">USB flash drives<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blogs and wikis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wireless networks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E-book readers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Videophones<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Self-serve kiosks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Opto genetics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blockchain<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 2010s</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4G<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Self-balancing boards
mature<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uber<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Airbnb<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meme culture<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Esports<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Crisper<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AI transcription and
translation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IBM Watson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AlphaGo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alex net<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deep fakes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quantum supremacy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air taxis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5G<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">James Webb telescope<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There are some definite
inconsistencies in this list. At times I chose to include an invention in the
decade it was actually discovered. At other times I chose to list the invention
in the decade that it became widespread. There’s also a lot of gray area
between the first instance of an invention and I the point where it is ready
for commercial use. In placing them on a timeline, I tried to use reason and
discretion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com21tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-90659476394813584262022-07-21T18:04:00.001-07:002022-07-22T18:13:07.365-07:00Lists of American Vernacular English<p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a;">I decided to post numerous lists of vernacular English here on
my science blog. I have been developing these lists for more than 15 years, and
they each hold a special place in my heart. The first few lists are fun and
nostalgic. I call the first list “old speak” and it reminds me of my childhood,
naivety, and of old black and white movies. I hope you enjoy the lists, and
they remind you of turns of phrase you used to use and hear. However, some of
the later lists contain rowdy and explicit words, so please be advised.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">My favorite of the lists enumerates southern idioms and
colloquial expressions. I was born in Houston, Texas and lived there until I
was 5 1/2. One day around age 4, I told my mother that I was thirsty for milk.
I said, “I wunt some mailk momma, mumma I won’t sum moe mailk.” She jokingly
said that it was time for us to move before the kids from preschool ingrained
my southern accent further. My mother was from Saint Louis, Missouri, and my
father was from Lafayette, Indiana, so they had slight accents, but not
southern ones. </span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I’ve always had a reverence and love for southerners and
southern speak. Drake once said there is a kind of “simplistic beauty that all
of them southerners have.” I agree, and I have always been fond of it. The way
they speak exemplifies a slow, relaxed approach to life that seems to disregard
social pressures. Instead, it focuses on intonation, melody, and musicality. I like
this because I think it lends language dynamism, playfulness and novelty.
Growing up in Los Angeles, I had various friends with different variations of a
southern accent. I’ve appropriated it at times, but due to some formative years
in the south, I’d like to think that my usage of it is at least partially
genuine.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Here are a few of my favorites:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I
might could do it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He
must don’t know.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Alright
then / So long.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But
it whadn’t.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Couldn’t
say.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Go’on
head then. Go head on then.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I’m
not gon bide (abide by) it. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I’m
not rightly sure.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">They
bed not be.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">They
better had. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I wasn’t the friend I had ought to been.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This blog contains several different lists: Old speak (how my
grandparents spoke), American minced oaths (exclamations), southern speak,
hillbilly speak, African-American vernacular English, Los Angeles gang and
penitentiary terminology, Mexican terms, Caribbean terms, Britishisms, and a
list of lingo and honorifics that I have developed in concert with about ten of
my closest friends.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I want to add a disclaimer. I am a straight, white man. Given my
identity, there are several problematic issues with making this post. There are
aphorisms and terms here that some people will perceive as racist, sexist, and
homophobic. I am none of these things, and I want to point out that any
improper use here is unintentional. I also recommend that readers use
appropriate sensitivity and caution when using the words in this list. I
certainly don’t use many of these words in public or in front of strangers
because it would be insensitive. I never use many of these words and phrases
because I know it would not be appropriate given my identity. Some might think
I’m trying to misappropriate African-American vernacular English (AAVE). Unfortunately,
in some senses, perhaps I am doing that here. I want to assure the reader that
I intend to do so with the utmost respect. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Even further, there are sections of terminology used by criminals
and people in prison. Some of the phrases there are denigrating, highly politically
incorrect, and some even involve despicable criminal acts. Again, I don’t
advocate the use of these words, and I include them with understanding and
sympathy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I would like to address why I would post these lists. First, I
feel there’s some value in having a collection of associated words. Being able
to see them together takes me to another place and time. I hope it will do that
for you. The lists are by no means comprehensive or definitive. Still, given
that I have spent over 15 years compiling some of them, a lot of thought has
gone into them, and (unlike other sources like Urban Dictionary) they allow a
reader to see a wide variety of terms and definitions grouped together by
meaning at a glance. I made an effort to add definitions for some expressions
in parentheses. I have spelled some of the terms in ways that they have
probably never been spelled before in an attempt to capture the way I have
heard them pronounced. I also listed related terms together, and I believe
there is some usefulness in that. I even think there is some cultural and also
data-analytic value inherent in this endeavor. I’m also posting it because it
allows easy access to some of my friends and others who would like to see these
lists.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Please keep in mind that these are heavily edited versions of my
master lists with many questionable terms removed. I’m sorry if you take
offence at any of this, and I certainly welcome suggestions and criticism.
Thank you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Old Speak</span></b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">… or my name isn’t…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">…And another thing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">…And everything like that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">…I’ll tell you what.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">…No more than the man on the moon. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">…shall we. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A mighty long time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Across hill and dale.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Acting ornery.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All the livelong day. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alls we need.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And how (indeed).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And to think that…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Any who.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As all get out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As sure as I live and breathe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As thick as thieves.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Back in a flash.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Blank” as “blank” can be.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bully for you (good for you).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By the seat of your pants.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C’mon gang.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t it just?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ever lovin’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fine and dandy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fire plug (fire hydrant).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Five ways to Friday / Seven ways to Sunday
(from all angles).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flim flam (nonsense).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fraidy Cat (scaredy cat).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Get a grip on yourself will ya?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Give it a rest will you?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Go to town on it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Good as good can be. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Got it down pat (proficient).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guilty as sin. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He’s on the ball. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heebie jeebies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hey man, what do you say? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hey sport. Hey Mac.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hog heaven.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How-dee-do. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">I’m afraid... (I regret to inform you).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’m talkin _____. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Is that a fact?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It high time you...<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It wouldn’ta made a bit of difference.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It’ll be a cinch (easy).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It’s dynamite (great).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It’s tops. It’s boss (good).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Johnny come lately (newcomer).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Just goes to show…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let me get my grips (luggage or briefcase).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let’s play it by ear.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Measure twice, cut once.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No ifs, and’s or butts about it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No need to “blank” on my account.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not on your life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nothin doin.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oh that was the living end.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One fell swoop.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Out like a light.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plum tuckered out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poindexter (nerd).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ragamuffin parade.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Samoleans / Hay pennies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stinks to high hell.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strike while the iron is hot.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suffice it to say.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suit yourself (do what you want).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sure thing / sure enough.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tell the truth and shame the devil. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That is swell (good).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That’s _____ for ya.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That’s an understatement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That’s rich.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The boy who cried wolf.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Time and time again.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To say the least.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Too big for your britches.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tough it out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We’re livin right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well bless your soul / bless your heart.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well lah-dee-dah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well, hello.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well, what do you know about that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well, what do you know?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What say we... (what do you think about doing…)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What’s doing?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What’s the plan Sam?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What's with him?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why... matter of fact let’s try it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yeah, boy, do I.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yes-sir-ee.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You are just putting me on (leading me on).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You are so tired you can’t even see straight.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You better believe it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You can say that again.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You don’t say (really?).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You mean to tell me… <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You really hit the nail on the head.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You’d better believe it. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You’re barking up the wrong tree.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You’se mugs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You're telling me (you’re preaching to the
chorus)!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hop Scotch McGee. Doobie. 23 Skidoo. Hopalong
Cassidy. Woodrow Mulligan. Dobie Gillis. Scooter Gavin. Sloppy Callahan. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Exclamations and Minced Oaths<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ah Crimony = Christ’s Money.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ah Cripes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ah for crying out loud.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aw shucks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aw shucks. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Boy oh boy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bygod.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Confound it / Consarn it. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dadgum.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dagnabbit. Dadburnit. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Doggone it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Egad. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Egads. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For heaven sakes. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gadzooks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gee Wilikers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Geez Louise.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Goodness gracious.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gosh golly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heavens to Betsy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Hell’s bells.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Holey moley.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Holy mackerel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Holy matrimony.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Holy moly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Holy smokes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeepers Creepers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jiminy Cricket (a minced oath for Jesus Christ).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumping Jehosaphat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Man alive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Man O Man.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Oh bother.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Oh brother.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oh Lordy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Oh my. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oh rats.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sakes alive / Saints alive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sam Hill (Sam Hell).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shut the front door. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So help me God.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sonova. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumbit@#. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarnation (damnation).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well I’ll be tarred and feathered. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What for all the…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What in the loving world?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What the dickens?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Southern Speak<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">...By the by, ...by and by.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">…anyhow.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A body can’t be… <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A sorry sight.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Actin all happy like. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ah had a vur good time. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ah suppose. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ah’m inna tint gray (i’m in the 10th grade).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ain’t she purty? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All y’all <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alright then / So long.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And I might tell ya…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Any how’s. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A-Okay.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arkansas toothpick (knife)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Believe you me. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bless her heart.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bubba and Sissy (brother and sister)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buggy (shopping cart)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bulee dat. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But it whadn’t.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By-and-bye.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can you carry me to the store? (Drive me)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can’t cha tell? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can’t never could do nothing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattywampus (askew). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Commode (toilet)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Couldn’t say (I don’t know) <br />
Awful good.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Critters (animals)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t be flip boy (flippant). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t cha know it / Don’t chew know? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t get me to lying (I’m not sure).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t listen to this guy, he might just turn
you upside down.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Egged on (urged)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fit as a fiddle (in good shape)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For a spell (a short time). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frunchard (front yard). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Full as a tick.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gah bless ‘em.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Get a move on. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Give me some sugar (a kiss or hug). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Give you a licking (beating). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Go a larking (engage in harmless fun)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Go’on head then. Go head on then.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Goobers (peanuts)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granddaddy, pops, my pa, sonny.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He country (he acts country). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">He must don’t know.</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He’s pitching a hissy fit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He’s so cheap he wouldn’t give a nickel to see
Jesus ridin’ a bicycle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hear tell (heard it told)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hisself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hoecakes (cornbread pancakes)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Honest-to-goodness.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hooting and hollering.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Horse sense (smart)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How bout it? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How do you do? Howdy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How goes it? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How you getting on?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How’s that (what?)? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hunkering for a… <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hunky Dorey (everything is good)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hurra up (hurry up). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hush up (shut up)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hwhat (voiceless labial-velar fricative).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I aim to lick it (beat it).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I ain’t got but three more minutes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I ain’t never seen a man yet could
appreciate...<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I am worn slap out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I appreciate it something powerful.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I can’t trust him no how.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I don’t think they hardly could. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I have a mind to… <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I mayda tried it before.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I may-da tried that before. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I might could do it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I own’t like this. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I reckon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’d be glad to do it fur ya. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’d take it mighty kindly if you did.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’m none too impressed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’m not as tired as all that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’m not gon bide (abide by) it. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’m not rightly sure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’ve heard tell bout you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If I had my druthers (my way).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If’n it’s all the same to you. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If’n you don’t mind. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the moanin time (morning)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the whole godforsaken world. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iono about you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It hadn’t oughta take too long.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">You bust that and your ma’ll tan you good.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Always bragging on your looks.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">If I hear one more word, ah’ll be dogged if I ain’t take a switch to you.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">I’m fixna whomp ya.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Praise be.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Thats the good lord a-comin for you.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="background: white;">Dixie / Dixie land, (before 1860 many ten-dollar
bills in Louisiana had “dix,” the French word for ten printed on the back, i.e.
the land of dixies).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="background: white;">If the music happens to get down around my feet,
I might just cut loose and stop a spell.</span></span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is at that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It’s right nice. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J’eet yet? (Did you eat yet?).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laying out all night (staying out)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lazy man’s load (large load to avoid making
multiple trips)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let him alone.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let’s get a going.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lord love em.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mah daddy’s daddy (my grandfather). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maybe if we gave it a try we could make a go
of it. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Much obliged (thank you). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mudding (off roading)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nearabout (almost)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not right yet. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now he’s a green whippersnapper if I ever saw
one.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now steer clear of this fella, he’s liable to
get you into a tar patch.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nuss (nurse)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oh come now…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oh yeah that’s really something else.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On account of…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Only man round here what could read… <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Over yonder.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pack or tote (carry)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Particular (attentive to details)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peachy keen.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Piddling (small or trivial)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Please duh meetcha (Pleased to meet you).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Put a little something on your step (hurry up).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Right Chere (right here). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruther (rather)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Say man?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seldom (rarely).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shuck (remove the covering of a nut, corn, or
shellfish)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skedaddle (run, scatter)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slap Your Pappy (pat your stomach)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So good it makes me want to slap my mamma.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So I gatha.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So’s I can. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So’s we can (so as).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumpthin or other. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sundy. Mondy. Tuesdy. Yesterdy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Take a good gander.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thank you kindly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That friend a yourn. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That ought to do in a pinch.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That right? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That there is a promise. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The boys in here says you don’t keep your word
any too good.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The lights a burnin’. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Them’s the rules. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then the first thing you know…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then why’s you cryin foe? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They bed not be.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They better had. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They shore is (They sure are).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This here. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tore up (broken)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Try not to run afoul of him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Turn it a mite that way, no thotha way. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Varmint (vermin)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wait a minute now.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Walking on a slant (drunk)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washeteria (laundromat)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We was in the midst of carrying on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well aren’t you precious. (Sarcastically)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well let’s just don’t stand there. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well looky here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well then let’s just leave it alone.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well, I declare.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well, it don’t hurt to... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well, stop riling her.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well, what do you know about that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What can I do for (do you for (do for you))? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What kai do you foe? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What with? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whatsaneva, whosaneva.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Who you stepping out with? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Who’s come callin’. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whoop, whup, whale, tan (whip or beat)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why own’t you come off that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Y’all come back now ya hear? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yaller dog (coward)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yes’m. No’m.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yessuh. Nossuh.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You ain’t posta do that.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="background: white;">I cay-knee-m buh-lee (I can’t even believe).</span></span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You bed not (you better not).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You just do like I tell you. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You know good and hell well what I’m talking
about.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You might say that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You minds well (you might as well). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You see how that go?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You sure know about that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You’re reaching boy (you are overreaching).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You’ve been looking ugly bout as long as I can
stand. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Southern Sayings<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Act like you’ve been to town before. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ain’t got the good sense God gave a rock. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t let the screen door hit ya where the
good Lord split ya. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Getting your britches caught on your own
pitchfork. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Give him two nickels for a dime and he’ll
think he rich. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">God don’t like ugly. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grinning like a possum eating fire ants. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Happy as a heifer in red clover. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He thinks the sun comes up just to hear him
crow. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He’s taking to it like a cold hog to warm mud.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">His cornbread ain’t done in the middle. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hold your horses (stop). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I ain’t seen you in a month of Sundys. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I was born at night but not last night. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’ll hit you so hard atop your head you’ll be
able to ride half-fare.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’m about to jerk a knot in your tail. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Knee-high to a grasshopper (small). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Madder than a cat getting baptized. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Madder than a wet hen. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mildew or BBQ (chill or party)? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My eyeballs are floating (I have to pee). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nervous as a cat in a room full of rocking
chairs. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quit being ugly. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scarce as hen’s teeth (rare). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She could start an argument in an empty house.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shut your mouth. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stepping out like a chicken in high oats.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That dog won’t hunt (it’s not gonna work). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To poor to paint and too proud to white wash. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well butter my butt and call me a biscuit. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You’re whistling dixie (it’s a lost cause). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Your druthers is my ruthers (your preferences
are mine). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hillbilly and Rural Bumpkin Speak<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yur durn tootin’ (you’re right). Sammich
(sandwich). Library (library). Tomorry (tomorrow). Californee. Hoss (horse). A
swaller (a swallow). Nippin (sippin). Piani (piano). Kinfolk (family). Alki-hol
(alcohol). Gih-tar (guitar). Hongry (hungry). The banja (banjo). The ho-tell
(hotel). The opry (opera). Injuns (Indians).You yeller (you scared)? I’ll be if
it ain’t… ( I’ll be damned if it ain’t). </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Yarbs
(herbs). </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vittles (vital organs).
Wrasslin’ (wrestling). It’s quat nahce. Yon mountains. Ain’t nary a hog got
away from me yet. I won’t touch nothing more from you without it was sterilized.
Ah’ve been hankering to see yuh. I’ll bet you pigs to poll cats that… Mighty
vexin. I just wanted to sit down and bawl.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ain’t never been there no how. I’ll be doing
it die-rectly. You stop doing that or you’re going across my knee. I’m
a-listinin’. Gettin a mite cranky. That ain’t no call to bust a feller’s head. Well,
I’ll be dogged. Hot diggity dog. Mmmm dawgies that’s nice. It stands to reason.
Simmer down now, you gon bust suh-mh. The old crawdad hole. Don’t you reckon?
Where in hell / where in the hell. You sho are all gussied up. I wasn’t the friend
I had ought to been. A hairy sitcheeation. Now wouldn’t that beat all get out.
Ah 'on know. A ver long time. My are we touchy today. About as trustworthy as
two stepped on rattlesnakes. I’m telling you… And that’s all there is to it. Ah
won’t you to know the truth. So, I’ll be moseying on. We shoot fellers as need
shooting. Scrub it with some turpentine. Well, I don’t rightly know if I can do
that. It’s not something you forget in a hurry. I’d a heap rather do it this
way. That number (song) was some kind a purty. Not right yet. What now? Aw, I
don’t expect I know everything. That’s about the size of it. That’s about the
doggonedest… Durned if you didn’t talk me into it. Supposin’ a body were to ask
you to… <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I got it all wrote down. I’m just sitting here
a-watching. That there music is fine. That smarts (hurts). Downright
unnecessary. Crying something awful like. All I sent you fer was some eggs. This
here feller. Hee-haw. Yahoo! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We’s doing
the best we ken. Good day. That’n (that one). A look see. Whachoo brung fer us?
Young’uns. Okey-dokey. She’s a-coming. I didn’t bother her none. Honest to
Pete. Oh no, I don’t think we’d better. I ain’t figured on marrying up with
nobuh-dee. Ah hear-d of them. A wing ding (party). A barn dance. A square
dance. Hullabaloo. Hoedown. Do-si-do. Them boys is coming. Whilst I’m … Iffin
it’s all the same to you. Yes sirree. I recollect the time I commenced to
reckoning. I don’t give two shucks. He lit out hours ago. Whereabouts you from?
Afore (before). Might could be. I hear tell that… that’ll get my blood to
stirring. Thems mah best socks. Ya haven’t ought to do that. I ain’t a feared
of it at’all. You can’t make silk purses out of sows ears. You’re looking a
mite green around the gills. A powerful long time. I’m took with her (I like
her). Out of sorts (unwell). <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Southern Food / Backwoods Food<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chitlins (chitterlings or pigs intestines),
gumbo, catfish, crawfish pie, hush puppies, okra, gumbo, collard greens, grits,
hominy, pigs feet, boudin, creole seasoning, poboy, alligator. oyster. softshell
crab. red beans and rice. chicken fried steak. cole slaw. hoecakes. potato
salad. spicy macaroni. barbecue pulled pork. a side of cow. ham hocks. turnip
greens.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A whole mess of corn pone, hog jowls, mustard
greens, squirrel shank, deviled buzzard eggs, pickled crow gizzards, boiled
chicken hawk, gopher gravy, and grilled possum belly. Some cherry bark bitters,
chimpmuck renderings. sorghum syrup. and sassafras tea. Butter churning, lye
making, corn huskin, chicken plucking and goat milking. You oughta hurry up
before I have all these vittles ate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AAVE / Ebonics</span></b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You ain’t said nothing but a word. Get it how
you live. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Stop playin’ wit me. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t do em like that. You better stop it. That’s
all that is. Y’all think I’m playin. I’m just saying though. I’m doin’ skreat.
I peeped it. Don’t whur about it. You own know nun ‘em people. What chu know
about that? Who all did that? Who all’s going? We red (ready). Oh no she didn’t.
Does you hate it, or is you hating on it? What chew not gon do. I knew dere was
sumpim special bout it. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Is you is or is you ain’t? </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I ain’t wanna say nothing, but... You cuh buh
lead dat (You could believe that). What the problem is? I wouldn’t be in yo
shoes if the sweet Lord Jesus come down and assed me hisself. You right (you’re
right). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Turnt. The turn up. Bussin. Hits different.
Swerve. A real one. Say less. It be like that sometimes. You said what? That
part. On god. Whachu mean? Opps = opposition. The bag (the money). Fire (hot).
Lit (exciting). Deuces (bye). Chuckin the deuce. No cap (no offense). Old head.
Outchea. On fleek. Skrrt. Yasss. Yeet. Woot woot. Got curved. Sus (suspect). Ghosted
(disappeared). A flex. Low key. It’s Gucci (good). It’s a vibe. Mood. Slaps
(good music). She basic. Keep it 100. Ratchet. AF. Drip. My G.</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;"> Feelin some type of way (emotional). </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In one’s feelings. He a whole fool. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Appreciate you. Facts.</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I see you. You got me fu@(*& up. Got-heeem (Got him). Dab. Trap
(drug house). Bando (abandoned trap house). Let’s go! Who’s man’s is this? Come
get your man. Not about that life. Living my best life.</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;"> It’s giving (vibes). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paper (money). Scratch. Skrilla. Bread. Cheese.
Racks. Hunnids. Hundo. Broccoli. A bill. A note. A c-note. Cheddar. Bands.
Stacks. Ends. Dough. Moolah. Bones. Guap. Grinding. Hustling. On the come up. Ice
(diamonds).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chi- town (Chicago), the A (Atlanta). ATL. LBC.
Motown (Detroit). H-town (Houston), Screwston, Cali, Oak-town (Oakland), the
Wood (Inglewood), the NOLA. Benzo (Benz). Beamer (BMW). Caddy (Cadillac). L dog
(Lincoln). Dom p (Dom Perignon). Lex (Lexus). Henny (Hennessy). Erk and jerk (Easus
Jesus (E&J)). A fit (outfit). Timbs (Timerlands). Rolly (Rolex). 187
(murder). Fofo (44). 411 (info). 420 (weed). 5-0 (police). 5150 (crazy). 211
(robbery). What’s your 20 (location). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A honey dip (attractive woman). Shawty. Hootchie.
Bust down. Jump off. Side piece. Twerk. Toot it up. Behine (behind). Rump. Bye Felicia.
Damn Gina. Musty. Stank. Stanky. Anybody can get it. She belong to the streets.
Get slayed. Get stuffed. Chicken hawking.</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sprung. Headsprung. Sucka for love. Simp. Captain
save a h@&. Playa. A mac. Holla. Spit. Spit game. Run game on. Funky. A
cold piece. A bad b$%ch. Parking lot pimpin. I bagged her. Tenderoni. Fees.
Females. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Chickenheads. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chickens. Pigeons. Birds. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Thirst trap.
Thick. Thic check. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saditty. Hold you down.
Got you open. Boo (beau). Freaky deaky. A freak. A trick. Mamajama. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">That thang. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Get
in that thang. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Turned out.</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Get gully (tough). I’m good on that. I’m
straight. Nah, we straight. Cool like that. It’s not the business. Go run tell
dat. I owen’t do nun nat (none of that) Ain’t no halfsteppin. My bad. You good.
That song thumpin’. Got the beats in the trunk. Bump that. Who da man? Who da
pee-amp? Where yo grandma stay? Project. Swag. Goons. Homeboy (fellow convict).
Homie. Hawmie. Bro. Brah. Bruh, Bruh. Brotha, Brova, Brothaman,</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;"> Brody. Dude. Dupe. Du. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As you should. You ain’t lyin. Be easy. You
already know. Thank hoodness. And he own’t een know it. That’s on a strenph
(the strength). That’s on GP (general principle). Awe-ite (alright). Buggin. Bumpin
(playing loud music). Frontin (pretending). Perpetrating. Haps ina hood. Schooled
(taught). Clowned (ridiculed). Ah snap. Try-fo-lin (trifling). Beef
(animosity). Trippin (overreacting). Don’t trip. On one (acting weird). Tight
(cool). Dope. Whack. Janky. Been had. What had happened was. You lookin’ dusty.
Everything is everything. I can see through your jive a$$ like glass. Hey, can
I get a phone in your name, can I get a loan in your name? Feeling myself. Whip.
Crib (home). Ayo (yo). Ashy. Bamma. Back in the day. Bae mamma (baby’s mother).
Beef. Bidness (business). Bootsy (out of style). Played out. Bougie
(bourgeois). Boogie. Bust a move. Call me out my name. Honey Chile. Chillun. Chilling.
Lounging. Lamping. Cold lampin’. Coolin. Chop it up (talk). Conversate. Creeping.
On the down low. Def. Ill. Really doe? Erythang. Fixna (fixing to). Fitna. Finna.
Floss. Fly. Fuc% around and… Get it (dance). Get up in. Git. Gon. Hate on. Hell
to the no. I feel you. I know that’s right. Mofo. Muh-fuhkah. That mug. Off the
chain. Scag. Sheeit. Step off. Step-to (physical advance). Upside the head
(against the head). Sumn. Stunt. Swole. Whachootalmout (what are you talking
about). Talmbout. Nomtomout. Get tolt (told). We’s about… Whutcha. Witchoo. Wild
out. Wildn out. Wrassle. Yo mama. Bagging (making fun of). Yo. You’sa. I see
how it is. The itis. Get caught lacking (caught without a gun). Catch him
slipping. Weyment = wait a minute. You extra (you are doing too much). Snatched.
Salty. Whoomp. No homo. On point. The thirst. Savage. GOAT (greatest of all
time). Clap back. Squad. Shook (scared). Realness. Shife. Shiesty. Throw shade.
Shady. Sho’Nuff. Cracking. Aint that about a bi*@#. Get served. Don’t be
hating.</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;"> Bless up. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Bring the heat. Haters. I came up. The come up (score). Pull
up (come by). Hops (jumping ability). Boosties. Ducking them (avoiding). Tell
you about yourself (tell off). True that. You with that? Aggy (aggravated).
Pressed/ pressin me. We been knew. Go off (get mad). Got no chill. Cop that
(buy). Cray cray (crazy). You feel me (do you agree)? You smell me? You dig?
Get dragged. Hunty (honey). Mad cool. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whassupp-er? I’ll see what’s up. What it do? What it is? </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">That's what's up (ok). The struggle is real. Got schooled.
Shook. Straight up. Biting, biters. Ima go off (get mad). Big ol’. kick it,
kicking it, gassed up, acting a fool,</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="background: white;">Clapped up (shot). How you gon do me like that. I don’t play that.</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">I
can’t call it. I ain’t seen you in a minute (in a while). Y’all ain’t ready.</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> It’s all good. Thems the breaks. Ask about me.
Don’t get it twisted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dead ass. Say word. Word is bond. Word to
mother. Word up. Aired out (shot up). Moked out. No doubt. Mos def. Pluggin it
(promoting it). Son. Kid. God. My dude. My guy. Wat up B? What up fam? What’s
the deal? What’s the dilly yo? Flava. He wildin’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trill. Flossin. Grill. Dirty south. Dripped
out. Am-boo-lants (ambulance). Pooted. Whoadie (person from a Ward in New
Orleans). What’s right woadie? Mean mugging. Mad dogging (staring). Grill (mouth
jewelry). Grilling (sneering). Whur? Right thur. Don’t be scurred. Parlayin
(talking). Candy paint (bright paint job). Chopped and screwed (DJed music with
reduced tempo (Slowed and throwed)). Sittin’ sideways (driving with the torso
at an angle). Ghost ride the whip (drive sitting way back). Hella (a lot).
Hyphy (hyperactive). Geeked up (hyperactive). Put on blast (called out). Good
looking out (thanks). Good looks. Acting out of pocket. Yeee (yes). Swanging. Swang.
You put your foot in that meal (complements excellent cooking). Dry begging
(asking in a vague way). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Drop a jem. Crush groove. Pop locking. Rock
the mic. B-boy. Beat boxing. Tagging (spray paint). </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Bomb (graphiti intensively). </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Break dancing. Fresh. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Wildstyle. Rapping.
Yo Momma (jokes). The dozens (verbals insults toward an opponent’s mother).
Shucking and jiving (acting evasive).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DJ
(disc jockey). MC (master of ceremonies). </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dissing on wax. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Put it down, its kicking, its popping, keeping
it real, the bomb (great), bi%@# ass, dont knock it, got smoked, ghetto bird, a
hitter, what the deal is, your boy, setting it off, Clocked, packing heat. Piece
(gun). Heater. Blammer. Tool. Toolie. Gat. Glock. Strap. getting active, buck
wild, goin in, get it in, Here go the… Going out like that. Bounce, dip, shake,
Bout to dip, peace out, one (one love), I been on that, I be on that, I stay on
that, I’m steady on that, I’m with that, get at em, get gone, laced, flossy,
yezzir, hoad up (hold up), on my bumper, gas’s you up, I was about to say, most
def, it’s going down, boo-yah, i’m already knowing, joints, jahwns, wet, boom
there it is, </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Fire on me (punch me). Fire off (throw a
punch). Tee off (punch). </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Clocked (punched). Squab
(fight). </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Catch these hands. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catch my fade (beat you up). Catch these
hands. I’ll fold you. Can’t fade me. Can’t see me (can’t come close). Breaking (sprinting).
Off that. What I’m on. Ain’t that some shi%. Toe up (tore up). Really doe? Who
dat ee-yuh (who that is), where you at? Howsyamammaanem (how is your mamma and
them)? Boo-coo (beaucoup). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whassappnin’. What’s the haps? I ain’t tryna
hear that. These other cats are my sons. Put that on something. Props
(respect). Proper like. Fly. Kicks (shoes). Aks (ask), You betta a$$ somebody.
If you don’t know, now you know. Shiznit. Fo’shizzle. Marinating. Wifey. Chillax.
Diss (disrespect). Mode-ed (demoted). Celly (phone). Dap (fist bump). Pound. Homie
hug. In the cut (hidden). Swole (muscular). Steelo. Stees (style). Out the bed.
Buster. Buster brown. Get like me (quarter game). Rock those (wear them). Gov’ment
name (full name). Act like you know. Real talk. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prison and Gang Speak<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Twisting fingers (throwing up gang signs). </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cuz or cuh. Loced out. Slobbed up. Set trippin.
Cap peeling. Peel your cap (head shot). Split your wig (lacerate your scalp). BG
(baby gangster). OG (original gangsta). Big homie. Blood call. “Suwoop.” Blaat.
With the woo. Baby loc. Crip call. “Scooee.” Slobs. Crabs. Krip killas. That’s
on crip, Cuh-rip. What’s bracking? Set. Clique. Crew. Chin check (to punch
someone and see if they will fight back) Flag (bandana). Flagging. Off the hook.
Mane. Choppa (automatic gun), Riding dirty (driving with guns or drugs). C-walk,
blood-walk, the squad deep, how deep is your set, Baby gangster (BG), Young
gangster (YG), original gangster (OG). Rank: BG, OBG, YG, OYG, G, BOG, YOG, OG,
OOG, OOOG (triple OG), Shot Caller / Godfather. Don. Mobbin. Roll up on. Claim
your set. Hooride. Banging. Represent. Rep. Rep yo hood. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Throw up the hood. </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That’s on the hood. On hood. Rida (rider). Ride or die (friend).
Down a$$ homie. Running the streets. Jackin (stealing). Jacked (stolen). Gank
(rob). Hemmed up (detained). Caught up (in trouble). Khakis. Chucks (Converse
shoes). Oaks (Oakley glasses). Keep your chain tucked. Get your weight up. Feds
(federal agents). Po-po (police). Fuzz. Five-O. One time. The Jakes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hit a lick (steal). The big house (jail). The
pen (penitentiary). Perp. Fifi bag. Shiv (knife). Shank (makeshift knife). Blues
(prison outfit). Commissary books. Bunker (bunk mate). Cellie (cell mate). Snitch.
Drop a dime. Caught a body (killed someone). Get bodied (killed). The hole
(solitary confinement). Hooch. June bug. Lock down. Lock in a sock (to hit
someone with). Dope boy. Molly whopped (beat up). Road dog. Shot caller. Strapped
(carrying a gun). Sucker ducker. A vic (victim). X’d out (killed). Yard. Bones
(dominoes). Iced (killed). All day (life sentence). Keister (verb). Ninja
turtles (guards in riot gear). Ride with (do favors for). A mark (someone who
is marked for death). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Crips, Bloods, Vice Lords, Black Disciples, Black
Mafia, Bounty Hunter Bloods, Nine Trey Gangsters, Pirus, United Blood Nation, Rolling
30s, Rolling 60s, 8 Trey, Neighborhood Crips, Shotgun, Hoover, Grape St.
Decepticons, Gangster Disciples, Savage Nomads, Somali Outlaws, Haitians, Westmob,
Young Boys Inc. ///<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mexican Mafia,18th
street, Barrio Aztecs, Nortenos, Surrenos, Cali cartel, Juarez Cartel, La Familia
Michoacána, La Raza Nation, Latin Kings, Los Solidos, Medellin Cartel, Sinaloa Cartel,
Vatos Locos<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jamaican / Caribbean Speak<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patois, laad a masi (lord have mercy), wah
gwan (what’s going on), meh nah ceer (I don’t care), blood clot (tampon), bumba
clot (toilet paper), </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">Pon dem bumbaclaat, </span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">duppy (ghost), riddim, tings, tree (three),
bredda (brother), bwoy (boy), dutty (dirty), dutty wine (dirty wind),
dancehall, likkle (a little), nuh badda mi (don’t bother me), tanks (thanks),
pickni (children), Fahda, Madda, girlfriend (dawta), jus a word (excuse me),
criss ting (pretty girl), walk good (take care), gal gyal (girl), wah you a
call me fah (why did you call me), wha yu ah doh yah (what are you doing here),
pon (upon), irie (pleasing), wasteman (useless person), rasta (Rastafarian),
blem (high), boxside (butt), yuh a crassis (you’re a crisis), unruly, wiself,
yaga yaga (big up), Zion (Africa), rude boy (tough guy), meh see yah (I see
you), seen (cool), more chune for your head top, mash up the scene (I am gonna
take over), shottas (shooters), dutty gyal or jamette (unscrupulous woman), Waz
di scene hoss (what up)? Dat gyal rel bess (that girl is real nice). We gwan be
winein’ and limein’ (we will be dancing). Yuh grease yuh waistline owah (ready
to dance)? Fete (party). Bacchanal (party). Lime (hanging out). Ya too close
mon. Wha’ppen (what’s happening). Yuh makin joke (you can’t be serious). S</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt;">electa (DJ).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Mexican Slang
(Los Angeles)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">A<span style="background: white;"> la
chingada cabron (get screwed).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">A<span style="background: white;">guas (be careful).</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">A<span style="background: white;">ndale
pues (go on then).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">A<span style="background: white;">purate (hurry
up).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">A<span style="background: white;">y guey (oh
man).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">A<span style="background: white;">ye no (whoa
no).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">C<span style="background: white;">abron (dumba$$
or goat).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Callate carnal (shut up
brother).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Calmate (calm yourself).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Chale (hell no, stop it).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">C<span style="background: white;">hale holmes
(you’re kidding me).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Chankla (sandal or hood
rat).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Chido (cool).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Padre (cool).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Chingona (bada$$woman).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">C<span style="background: white;">ochina (dirty
girl).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Compa (friend).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Culo o colito (butt).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dale (go ahead).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">D<span style="background: white;">esgraciada
(disgraced).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">El equipaje (the booty).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">E<span style="background: white;">stoy
enchilado (my mouth is spicy).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Guey or wey (fool or
dude (bull or ox)).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">No mames guey (don’t suck fool)</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mira quien habla (look
who’s talking).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nalgas (butt cheeks).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">No manches (don’t stain,
don’t trip, no way).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">N<span style="background: white;">o seas
mamona guey (don’t be dumb).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">No seas menso (don’t be
a moron).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Obvio (obviously).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Orale pues (allrighty
then).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">P<span style="background: white;">anchita (female
fob).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Pinche (scullery or
works in a kitchen, but used similar to “freakin”).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Pinche pendejo (freaking
idiot).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Pinche vato (hood fool).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Por eso guey (that’s why
fool).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Puras pendejadas (pure
stupidness).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Quanto es lo menos (what’s
the best price)?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Que estas haciendo wey (what
are you doing). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Que Honda guey (what’s
up).</span><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Q<span style="background: white;">ue onda
guey (what’s crackin)?</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">S<span style="background: white;">imon (yeah
man).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Y<span style="background: white;">a guey (stop
dude).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk107271340"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">British Slang<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk107271340;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">By Jove (exclamation). Blimey
(wow). Crikey (exclamation). Cheerio (goodbye). Chip chip cheerio (bye). Pip
pip (good bye). Boot (car’s trunk). Bonnet (car’s hood). Nonce (stupid person).
Bloke (a man). Lad (young man). Daft (foolish). Trollied (drunk). Knackered
(tired). Bird (woman). Pikey (gypsy or vagrant). Limey (a British person). Yankee
(American person). Slag off (make fun of). Sod (devil). Muppet (A clueless
person). Rubbish (trash).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Innit (Isn’t
it)? Govnah (governor). Ello guv (hello governor). Mate (Friend). Merry old
England. Foggy old London town aye? London yard. Inna (aren’t you)? Telly
(television). Dustbin (trash can). Eva (either). Fanks (Thanks). Fink (think).
Fursday (Thursday). Bloomin’. Bloody el (hell). Whose that nutter (crazy
person)? I got blarterred. Bum (butt). Love, lova, lovey, luv. Wench (woman).
Fishermans daughter (water). Let’s get down to brass tacks (facts).</span> <span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">We’s in a whole eap of Barney (Rubble (trouble))
we is. Lift (elevator). Flat (apartment). Tube (subway). </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Plumb full ah surprises,
me. Ah expect she’ll give me a snog (kiss). So you fashion yourself randy
(excited) eh? See you on the utha side me chum, me sovereign, milord, me earl,
me duke, my liege. A ratha cheeky (irreverent) bird, this one. What do ya say
bruv? I’m needing to use the proper loo (toilet) luvey. Stop mugging me off
mate (making me look like a fool). Oii don’t care! As the actress said to the
bishop (that’s what she said). I told you to sod-off you minger (unpleasant
person). A load of tosh (nonsense) you tosser (unpleasant person). Can’t be
arsed (bothered) with that right now. I’m down in the bog (toilet). Me ‘at
(hat) is on me ‘Ed (head). Top of the morning (good morning). Wif a l’ul bit uh
bloomin luck! Right as rain. Blooming cur (contemptable man). Fancy a biscuit
(do you want a cookie)?</span> <span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I haven’t
the foggiest (I don’t remember/know). At her majesty’s pleasure. I’m off to
Bedfordshire. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Me missus (girlfriend or
wife). Fit (attractive). Dosh (money). Up the duff (pregnant). A cuppa (A cup
of tea). Uh-gain (again). Loverly (lovely). A li’ul bit (a little bit). I
should say. That blasted / soggy / bloomin’ / bloody (expresses emphasis).
Aeroplane (airplane). Aluminium (aluminum). Econ-oh-mics (economics). Barman
(bartender). Bully (good). Carriageway (road). Motorway (highway). Carvery
(restaurant with cut meat). Constable / Bobby (police officer). Dungarees
(overalls). Father Christmas (Santa Claus). Fire brigade (firefighters). Full
stop (a period). Nought (zero). Noughts and crosses (tic tac toe). Gangway
(aisle). Gastropub (bar with food). Gents (gentlemen). Hen night (bachelorette
party). Hey ho (exclamation of disappointment). Holiday (vacation). Humbug
(peppermint candy). Ice lolly (popsicle). Knickers (pants). Lavatory (toilet). Oxbridge
(Oxford and Cambridge). Petrol (gasoline). Post (mail). Shilling (former
monetary unit). Tuppenny (two pence). A pound. Stone (14 lbs). Truncheon (billy
club). Union jack (UK flag). Have a go (try). I’ve got a hankering for some
fozzewuzzles ahvent I? This is a right roggle wogger, this is. Mi Gullivers. Did
you check your woffagin? You was singing a song last time weren’t it? A jolly
punting on the Thames (a punt is a boat propelled by a pole). Tally ho (goodbye).
Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious. Beau’iful day, inni’. Harry Pottah broug’
‘is new girwfriend to au ‘ouse to meet me muvver. Mumfs (months). Toffs
(upperclass people). Plebs (lower class people). Posh (elegant). Meself
(myself). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">British Fictional
Characters: Sherlock Holmes. James Bond. Barnabas Collins. Ebenezer Scrooge.
Robin Hood. Little John. Lady Marian. Olivah Twist. The Artful Dodger. Nigel
Croker. Henry Jekyll. King Arthur. Phineas Fog. Alfred Pennyworth. Christopher
Robin. Captain Hook. Peter Pan. Smee. Dr. Doolittle. Dr. Who. Monty Python. Hermione
Granger. Miss Havisham. Mary Poppins. Austin Powers. Lara Croft. Mr. Bean.
Merlin the Magician. Bulldog Drummond. Basil Fawlty. Andy Capp. Allan
Quatermain. Ali G. Toad of Toad Hall. Lemuel Gulliver. Lady Macbeth. Cruella De
Vil. Jack Sparrow. Long John Silver. Jane Eyre. Tarzan. Thomas the Tank Engine.
Sweeney Todd. Peter Rabbit. Winnie the Pooh. Willy Wonka. Buzz Killington. Nigel
Pinchley. Martin Smiley. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">British Food: Fish and
chips. Cornish pastie. Bangers and mash. Shepherd’s pie. Toad in the hole. Steak
and kidney pie. Liver and onions. Beef Wellington. Steak and mushroom pie. Full
English breakfast. Minced pies. Black pudding (blood and suet sausage). Pork
pie. Cottage pie. Scotch egg. Branston pickle. Julienne fries. Petite
sandwiches. Battenburg cake. Sunday roast. Horseradish sauce. Chicken curry
pie. Crisps (potato chips). Fish fingers (fish sticks). Samosas. Eton Mess.
Afternoon tea. Earl Gray. Strawburry (strawberry). Shortbread. Gin. Whisky.
Scotch. Draught (draft). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Cockney
Pronunciation:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Cockney: A person born
in London, but within the sound of Bow bells, at the Church of St Mary Le Bow,
in Cheapside. The word cockney used to be a pejorative term for the working
class. Many celebrities are Cockney including Adele, Jason Statham, Amy
Winehouse, Russell Brand, Michael Kane and many more.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Don’t pronounce the “H” sound at the start of
words. Arder (harder). Ave (have). Ouse (house).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is (his). Ow (how). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The “L” sound should turn to a “W.” Bah-eww
(bottle). Heh-eww (hell). Ew (ill). Pih-ew (pill). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Replace some “T’s” with a glottal stops. Wa’er
(water). Ligh’er (lighter). Ate (hate). A bo’le av wa’er (A bottle of water).
Oi ate ewe (I hate you). Moi ed, it erhts (my head, it hurts). Beh-ah (better).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Voice “TH” sounds turned to “V.” Bruva
(brother). Bovah (bother). Muvah (mother). Favah (father).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cloves (clothes). Levah (leather). And anovah
one, and anovah!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Unvoiced “TH” sounds turn to “F.” Fankyou
(thank you). Fursday (Thursday). Nuffing (nothing). Everyfing (everything).
Sympafetic (sympathetic). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">For “the,” “them,” and “that” don’t pronounce
the TH sound at all.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">“Or” sounds are pronounced differently. Toke
(talk). Woke (walk). Poke (pork). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The “ai” sound is pronounced differently.
Oiright (alright). Poi (pie). Thoi (thigh). Loik (like). Toight (tight). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Say me instead of my. Me froa’ ‘ur’s (my throat
hurts). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Use double negatives. I ain’t got none. You
wasn’t even there. I weren’t even talking to you. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The rine in spine stees
minely ohn thee pline (The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plane). Een
Artford, Ereford, en Ampshire urricanes oddly evah appen (In Hartford, Hereford
and Hampshire hurricanes hardly ever happen.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Cockney
Ryhming Slang<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">"Apples and
pears" (stairs). "Army and navy" (gravy). "Basin of
gravy" (baby). "Bees and honey" (money). "Borrow and
beg" (egg). "Bottle and stopper" (copper). "Box of
toys" (noise). "Can't keep still" (treadmill). "Clever
mike" (bike). "Coals and coke" (broke). "Coat and
badge" (cadge). "Cop a flower pot" (cop it hot). "Crowded
space" (suitcase). "Cut and carried" (married). "Cuts and
scratches" (matches). "Day's a-dawning" (morning). "Derry
and Toms" (bombs). "Didn't ought" (port). "Do me
good/s" (wood/s). "Duck and dive" (hide). "Dustbin
lid/s" – (kid/s). "Early hours" (flowers). "Fisherman's
daughter" (water). "Give and take" (cake). "Helter-skelter"
(an air-raid shelter). "In and out" (snout). "Light and dark'
(park). "Lion's lair" (chair). "Loop the loop" (soup). "Lump
of ice" (advice). "Lump of lead" (the head). "Lump of
school" (fool). "Merry-go-round" (pound). "Mozzle and
brocha" (on the knocker). "Near and far" (bar). "On the
floor" (poor). "Once a week" (beak). "Penny-come-quick"
(a trick). "Pig and roast" (toast). "Pimple and blotch"
(Scotch). "Pleasure and pain" (rain). "Rank and riches"
(breeches). "Rats and mice" (dice). "Rattle and clank"
(bank). "Scotch mist" (pissed). "Stand to attention"
(pension). "Satin and silk" (milk). "Short of a sheet" (in
the street). "Tick tack" (the track). "True till death"
(breath). "Tumble down the sink" (drink). "Weep and wail"
(a tale). "Yet to be" (free).</span> <span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lemon and lime (time). Dog and bone (phone). Brown bread (dead). Custard
and jelly (television (telly)). Friar Tuck (luck). Britney Spears (beer). Pork
pies (lie). Boat race (face). Trouble and strife (wife). Sausage and mash
(cash). Gregory Peck (cheque). You can always drop the first word.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-62153054411402839982022-05-03T23:30:00.001-07:002022-05-04T03:53:22.092-07:00Access All of My Writings at jared-research.com<p><span style="font-size: medium;">I just created a new website where people can download all of my articles and books for free. Each of my peer reviewed scientific journal articles as well as the three books I have written are available there in PDF form. There are also links to my other writings, websites, and social media profiles. You can access this at:</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.jared-research.com">www.jared-research.com</a></span></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGMP0QV3CoajwuvNiUsEvfDbPLZTBdh2H6bF9nS5w3Bb6AITYOYj-Q4Q_HbC64vORSzTXKVCod2t-y9_Pd0wEQJaGmf9GRSTbV2DY1OzxBsgxiiv66n2_HTBa0ejDcZNSxRU6OncohEQX2k8EeOeUOUFUvCUixfq1aYyX0tWwF2InWlBMXaKAlsLRNFQ/s2233/jared%20reser%20research.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1298" data-original-width="2233" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGMP0QV3CoajwuvNiUsEvfDbPLZTBdh2H6bF9nS5w3Bb6AITYOYj-Q4Q_HbC64vORSzTXKVCod2t-y9_Pd0wEQJaGmf9GRSTbV2DY1OzxBsgxiiv66n2_HTBa0ejDcZNSxRU6OncohEQX2k8EeOeUOUFUvCUixfq1aYyX0tWwF2InWlBMXaKAlsLRNFQ/w640-h372/jared%20reser%20research.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>You can find out about my model of working memory and consciousness, my design for superintelligent AI, and my system for self-care, Program Peace. There are links to my Google Scholar, Academia, and Research Gate. </p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-5293301468178335192022-05-02T21:01:00.000-07:002022-05-02T21:01:36.313-07:00The Program Peace Book and App are Available Now<p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQSmOu9t87SDP6bT7b4bP_uLqFn3oDhOJG8kEFBLAkqBG2m1y2pXDeF2cQ2-2cwSBwmddmioT4VOAsO0h8sr8Pu19PFhcbCnusvIlufSyZtNrCEyy2ZfBRNcuo6cGX4o6iJ1W3f58mR1ia19OThmqX_olzmkPdSW4D3SwpqpMsZ4uAYK_LruIHQ-aMTQ/s1280/Moms%20Program%20Peace%20Ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQSmOu9t87SDP6bT7b4bP_uLqFn3oDhOJG8kEFBLAkqBG2m1y2pXDeF2cQ2-2cwSBwmddmioT4VOAsO0h8sr8Pu19PFhcbCnusvIlufSyZtNrCEyy2ZfBRNcuo6cGX4o6iJ1W3f58mR1ia19OThmqX_olzmkPdSW4D3SwpqpMsZ4uAYK_LruIHQ-aMTQ/w640-h360/Moms%20Program%20Peace%20Ad.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: medium;">After over two
decades of work, my book on self-care and healthy living, Program Peace, is now
available. You can get your copy for free from the website: <a href="http://www.programpeace.com/">www.programpeace.com</a> On the site it is
available as a PDF or as a series of webpages. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkbRVJCrHeAXLFptENUdd-ybX5rPrDooj030HS0g0IKMHzyxIUELBKLKQgSyVtMsCo-UE4oVYcNa67mONk3cb2Wsy51tgZxGAtoa-XHhcCFnxWTEbOI3ff9_mjYhMxzA8hIIuWAhuq-0o60Mwulyabb-SYskw7OMyIKSjq6ZnwcqHTEd3RoFhcGowJVg/s2560/Screenshot%20(53).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2560" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkbRVJCrHeAXLFptENUdd-ybX5rPrDooj030HS0g0IKMHzyxIUELBKLKQgSyVtMsCo-UE4oVYcNa67mONk3cb2Wsy51tgZxGAtoa-XHhcCFnxWTEbOI3ff9_mjYhMxzA8hIIuWAhuq-0o60Mwulyabb-SYskw7OMyIKSjq6ZnwcqHTEd3RoFhcGowJVg/w640-h400/Screenshot%20(53).png" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="color: #1d2228;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alternatively, you can get it on
Amazon as a hardcover, softcover, or ebook. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil2Jig0V8Ok_uhRdKO-EuWjYd7W7qYfb3rvlX0SC2EYr_bAybCEdJJ_rmWt83T55nKxtkj-a9c1r9j7McRmW8Q2Gi_WdycfEYWlqKoSZIVqfLmqF2re2hOeYZMJ0_GI3A2rghoUBFedtJZA7pzCYx_2E4a7K2lz37p9Jb2g5pvEqWdXCB3UpxlyteiOA/s2560/Screenshot%20(8).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2560" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil2Jig0V8Ok_uhRdKO-EuWjYd7W7qYfb3rvlX0SC2EYr_bAybCEdJJ_rmWt83T55nKxtkj-a9c1r9j7McRmW8Q2Gi_WdycfEYWlqKoSZIVqfLmqF2re2hOeYZMJ0_GI3A2rghoUBFedtJZA7pzCYx_2E4a7K2lz37p9Jb2g5pvEqWdXCB3UpxlyteiOA/w640-h400/Screenshot%20(8).png" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The mobile app is
also available now. You can get it for iPhone on the Apple App Store, or for
Android on the Google Play Store. Download your copy today.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: medium;">https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.program_peace.app</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDhw1o35CxGhwii3mPrmyQ5h-J2I555cCBiJPz_6iKKayns0pilI4_uCDTgBYskTp22yi_mttNjwGxHk3hkiEw2FGNT8Wksuqf2WYcpgDS_I1co7B1lIb_XfvYwSH_gx0zCHByZDGtKgzzgbFTbYeL7pREPNLwReIItr0_VV9dvp2GARqi8W5oAYGPlw/s1792/Screenshot%20(9).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="1792" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDhw1o35CxGhwii3mPrmyQ5h-J2I555cCBiJPz_6iKKayns0pilI4_uCDTgBYskTp22yi_mttNjwGxHk3hkiEw2FGNT8Wksuqf2WYcpgDS_I1co7B1lIb_XfvYwSH_gx0zCHByZDGtKgzzgbFTbYeL7pREPNLwReIItr0_VV9dvp2GARqi8W5oAYGPlw/w640-h448/Screenshot%20(9).png" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I have also launched
the YouTube page which you can find here:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdnX093ce5PMbvHC705vt_w</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><br /></span><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM4q8E3NqgEeFkMj71TTTF-rFOzSXZ9sT3XH91xSfG9MRjzvLkRFLmVPAJlcF9zMFZsYSxj4IFrGqktAJIxv2qHMpBhPxMeSKv-cyYVloyw_Z-8Hwm9L_We4Cld_yjtzeQVnTDowKA0-e4gPhn3luAG1-rBSnVZij2hl66v7Y7vv94BrTWCOvX6IjaVQ/s2560/Screenshot%20(6).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2560" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM4q8E3NqgEeFkMj71TTTF-rFOzSXZ9sT3XH91xSfG9MRjzvLkRFLmVPAJlcF9zMFZsYSxj4IFrGqktAJIxv2qHMpBhPxMeSKv-cyYVloyw_Z-8Hwm9L_We4Cld_yjtzeQVnTDowKA0-e4gPhn3luAG1-rBSnVZij2hl66v7Y7vv94BrTWCOvX6IjaVQ/w640-h400/Screenshot%20(6).png" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Take advantage of Program Peace and see how you can transform you breathing pattern and numerous other habits to support a stress-free life. </p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-19127484850557950442022-02-17T18:52:00.008-08:002022-02-24T00:35:13.506-08:00Video Games Can Contribute to Anxiety, Here is What You Can Do About It<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I believe that video games cause more anxiety than people realize.
I also think that playing video games regularly for years can drive chronic
anxiety, otherwise known as hyperarousal. After years of frantic button
pressing and thousands of “digital deaths,” the fight or flight branch of the
nervous system can be turned up relative to the resting and digesting branch
resulting in what researchers call “sympathetic dominance” and “autonomic
dysregulation.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Videogames have been shown to increase stress hormone levels,
bolster aggressive affect, and reduce prosocial behavior. Most of my friends
who play video games act breathless and panicked afterward, driving them to
smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol during gaming breaks. Playing an hour of
competitive, online “deathmatches” would strip almost anyone of their
composure. Over time, this undermines emotional balance. In my twenties I
didn’t realize that loud, violent entertainment was turning me into the
stereotype of the high-strung geek.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">This blog post describes how and why videogames can negatively
affect us and how to address it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Video Games Can Create Stress<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Most video games create suspenseful situations in which players
must react quickly to keep their character from being hurt or killed. The
simulated danger and time pressure recruits fast-acting areas of the brain,
such as the amygdala and basal ganglia, to help perform the hazardous button
pressing. These unconscious brain areas don’t know they are just playing a
game. They assume the actions are dire, and so involuntarily activate the
stress system. This is why playing real-time video games can be emotionally
draining. Each reduction in the character’s life bar results in the release of
stress hormones and an acceleration of your heartbeat. In this way, every play
session contributes ever so slightly to one’s background hum of anxiety. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Despite your full attention and best
efforts, you watch as your character is torn to shreds before your eyes. Seeing
your character die and having to start a level from the beginning over and over
is frustrating. This acute stress is the reason many people act like they are
going to throw the controller after a loss. Are you having trouble seeing how a
game can be traumatic? Just watch the expressions of a toddler or an elderly
person as they play and you will see how negative an experience it can be.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Even game developers have long
recognized that games produce stress.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">In fact, the Japanese version of the video game that ended up
becoming super Mario Bros 2 in the United States was originally titled “Heartbeat
Panic” in Japanese. And today we play more games than ever. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Globally people play more than three
billion hours of videogames every week. In America digital media consumes
around 11 hours of the average person’s day. Gaming disorder is a recognized
mental health issue. </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">But stress feels bad, wouldn’t we recognize this and stop playing?
Well.. Because of the way our dopamine systems work, we have a tendency to seek
out overstimulation. We are willing to engage in upsetting interactions as long
as they produce novelty and reward. Seeing the new graphics, interacting with a
pixelated world, and beating the levels produces lots of reward. Drug addicts
are willing to destroy their bodies for the same reason, because the dopamine
rush is incredibly psychologically compelling. Like an addict, we can become
hooked on the dopamine and adrenaline produced by games. The fleeting thrills
cause us to ignore the persistent, low-level panic. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Playing Video Games Pushes us Into Distressed Breathing</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">When most people play video games, they tense their respiratory diaphragm,
immobilizing it. This pushes them from breathing diaphragmatically into
distressed breathing. During distressed breathing the diaphragm is held in
partial contraction and the thoracic muscles of the chest do the work of
breathing. This places the diaphragm muscle in a state of partial contraction
which, over time, causes it to become stiff and frail. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I created a system called Program Peace that you can access entirely
for free at <a href="http://www.programpeace.com/">www.programpeace.com</a>.
There you can learn about how to optimize your breathing pattern and then
combine optimal breathing with other exercises and activities. You can then
combine optimal breathing with videogame playing and detraumatize your
orientation toward it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The best way to counteract distressed breathing and engage the
diaphragm is to belly breathe. As you inhale, imagine the diaphragm emerging
from the bottom of your ribs and pushing down on the contents of your belly.
This should cause your belly to protrude outward.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> It also helps to breathe long, deep, slow
breaths through your nose. Whenever you are playing video games it is important
to be aware of your breath and not to let it become too shallow.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> While you increase your awareness of your
breathing as you play video games, you should have dozens of breakthrough
moments where, little by little, you are able to encourage your diaphragm to
participate more in the effort of inhalation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">At a certain level, when we play video games, we assume that if we
don’t breathe shallowly, we are putting our character in danger. It takes time
and effort to counteract this. If you convince yourself that it is safe to breath
deeply while you play, you can totally transform your psychological orientation
toward the game. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Extending the duration of your breath can help too. Using a paced
breathing app like the one I created, Program Peace, can help you do this.
While on your couch, pull out your paced breathing app, dim the screen, and
override your tendency to breathe shallowly. While you witness the character
experience peril, breathe long, slow breaths. You will be amazed by how this
allows you to detach from and become desensitized to the nail-biting worriment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">If you are playing video games while breathing 2 second inhalation
and 2 second exhalations you are going to be traumatized by them. If you can
extend your breaths to 5 second inhalations and 7 second exhalations trauma
cannot enter the equation. Performing paced breathing while engaging in these
activities is an excellent way to learn to retain your composure as you are
inundated. If you practice, you will get to the point where you can breathe
through your nose at five breaths per minute in a digital firefight.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Playing Video Games Creates Tension in Our Bodies<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">But it is not just your diaphragm that you brace when you play
video games. It is also your face, voice box, spine, digestive tract, and genitals.
Any muscles that are braced for long periods of time become stuck in partial
contraction causing pain and accelerated aging. So, while you play, it is very
important to be aware of your tension patterns and to try to sense the state of
your breath, heart, and gut. Let them relax.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many people have terrible posture when they
play games. They breathe through their mouth, sneer, startle, raise their
eyebrows, curve their lower backs, and hunch their necks. This bad posture
causes tension – tension that is often held for hours at a time.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Moreover, as you hold the controller
(as with your phone or keyboard), most of your major postural muscles are
completely braced and immobilized. This is why it is important to be aware of
your posture, take regular gaming breaks, and if those include stretching, all
the better.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Reducing the Volume of Your TV Can Reduce the Stress Response<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Many studies have shown that merely reducing television volume can
vastly reduce the sympathetic stress response to violent videos and games. In
general, the louder the TV, the more frequently and intensely the amygdala is
triggered, and the more cortisol is released. Turn your speakers down a few
decibels, and you should notice that you feel far less uneasy after a play
session.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
<br />
<b>Real Exercise Can Counteract the Stress Caused by Video Games</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Overstimulating media tricks our bodies into thinking we are
preparing for tremendous amounts of exercise, even though we usually consume it
while sitting on our backsides. Rather than stewing in them, use up your stress
hormones by engaging in physical activity. Decades of research have shown that
regular exercise is one of the best ways to counteract stress.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Video Games Cause Us to Startle and Tremble<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">When you trip while walking, it is
usually because you didn’t see the uneven surface on the ground. It came out of
nowhere. For a few seconds your heart races and your adrenaline spikes as you
try to recover from the fall without injuring yourself. Whenever threats come
out of nowhere, as they do in videogames, they cause us to startle. The more
time you spend startling, the stronger your startle response becomes. Startle
plays a key role in fear and anxiety, and it also increases trembling. Now that
I am middle aged, it has become very clear to me that I startle and tremble
after playing video games. </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Startle is also a sign that your
adrenal glands have released adrenaline. Elevated levels of adrenaline cause
the stress hormone cortisol to go up. Elevated cortisol is caustic to the body
and has negative repercussions for most of the cells in your body. It also
contributes to a large number of diseases and disorders. Cortisol also
increases hair loss, greying, and premature aging in general. There is also
good reason to assume that the startling and anxiety caused by video games,
could over time, decrease testosterone (lowering muscle mass and
assertiveness), and serotonin (lowering confidence and increasing
susceptibility to depression).</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">We Weren’t Designed to Play
Videogames</span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Our bodies were
not built for video games. Traditional hunter-gatherers had exceptionally low
stimulation levels 95% of the time. They were out in nature all day. Today, we
plug into many streams of overstimulation that were designed to assault our
senses. </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Our ancestors would not have had access to movies, television,
and video games and so they would’ve been forced to spend more time in relative
boredom, where they were fully exposed to any unease in their bodies. Having
this exposure allowed them to confront any anxiety, negotiate with it, and
subdue it. We on the other hand, use chaotic media to try to drown it out.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">A hunter gather should be able to go
through their day in a state of flow where they’re not making mistakes and
they’re not constantly getting adverse feedback from their world. To be happy,
confident, and healthy we need to give our body the signals and cues that tell
it that we are capable of getting through our day without upsetting
impediments. We want our bodies to feel like winning is easy for us. Our cells
and the DNA within them listen to environmental inputs and use them to
determine our level of relaxation or upset. But inevitably our cells will
interpret the feedback that we get from video games as negative. </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">When we are fighting another
character on screen and taking damage randomly, we are not actually
experiencing pain, but clearly things are going wrong in our world. When you
are hit by simulated gunfire hundreds of times every week, your body is likely
to assume that things are not working out well for you. Your body assumes that
you don’t have much control of your world because intractable, flich-inducing
situations keep popping up unexpectedly. </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Video games prove to our body that
we’re not able to go into a relaxed state of flow. This, as a way of life, does
not support confidence, elegance, dominance, or power. Rather it causes the
unconscious motor systems of the brain (such as the basal ganglia) to assume
that they must be continually failing. Every time your health bar is
decremented they assume that they have not learned the right motor patterns to master
the tasks necessary for survival. When they feel like they are failing they
assume that the only way is to use anxiety and stress to power through.</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">It Can Help to Go Cold Turkey</span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Once I realized that video games were
strongly adversely affecting me around my late 20s, I stopped playing fighting
and shooting games altogether. I cut my videogame playing down from two to
three hours a week to less than ten minutes and I only played nonviolent games.
I was still interested in games from a creative and technological standpoint,
so I mostly just watched friends play.</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Ten years later in 2021, Grand Theft
Auto Trilogy the Definitive Edition came out and I felt compelled to beat the
games. They were heavily nostalgic, I loved the colors, locales, and music and
I was strongly motivated to finish the story missions so that I could unlock
all of the maps. I beat GTA Vice City in 12 hours, and then spent several hours
getting through San Andreas. I could feel the games taking a toll. Lots of
shooting, lots of deaths, lots of being forced to restart frustrating missions
from the beginning. I wanted to get over it, but I felt compelled to finish what
I had started. </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">I woke up early one Saturday morning
after only two hours of sleep and all I could think about was finishing GTA San
Andreas. I wanted to get it out of the way so I could get back to my life. I
calculated that I could finish the remaining 15 missions in four hours and
decided to crawl out of bed and try. I ended up having to play 12 hours
straight just to get to the final mission. I did it without sleeping and
without any food at all. I spent all twelve hours trying to monitor my bracing
patterns, and breathe diaphragmatically, while I analyzed the game’s effect on
my breathing. By the end of the first hour I was breathing 5 breaths per
minute. However, it wasn’t until about 10 hours in that I began genuine belly
breathing for the first time while playing a video game. It was a great
experience and may have strengthened my ability to belly breathe under stress.
But it also had lasting repercussions. It was mildly traumatic for me. My mind
was racing, my gut was aching, and I startled and trembled slightly for weeks.
I also stuttered and had trouble looking people in the eye for a few days. </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">After that experience I would
recommend that people not play while sleep deprived, not play while fasting,
and not play for more than a couple of hours at a time. It is also worth
mentioning that studies show that violent media before bed can increase stress
hormone levels, so I would also recommend that you stop playing at least two
hours before bed time. </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Use the Play/Challenge Mindset not
the Fight/Threat Mindset </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Another important thing to mention is your mindset. Mice that
wrestle each other can become stronger and happier if they interpret the
wrestling as play. But if they interpret it as fighting, their stress levels
can shoot through the roof. Interpret the conflict as rough and tumble play and
you are much less likely to be traumatized by it. Studies have shown that when
you take something as play it changes the nature of the stress response from
the “threat response” to the “challenge response” which is much healthier for
the mind and body. Look it up. I believe that some people’s limbic systems are
more likely to respond to intense media stimulation with the challenge
response, but I think most respond to them with the threat response. Mine
certainly does.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When mammals are playful they’re not concerned
about reputation, they’re not concerned about getting hurt, they’re not
concerned about making an enemy, they’re learning, enjoying themselves,
exerting themselves, and bonding. When mammals play they are also more likely
to breathe diaphragmatically and less likely to engage in distressed breathing.
Another reason why breathing deeply can help.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #F1F1F5 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #F1F1F5 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #F1F1F5 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Play your videogames, don’t fight them.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #F1F1F5 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Play Peaceful/Nonviolent Video Games</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Game designers should create more
games that encourage a state of flow but do not constantly punish players using
arbitrary rules. In many games, you can reduce the difficulty setting. But many
major game developers avoid creating a “freeplay” or “creative” mode because
they are concerned that if the game is not challenging enough, they will lose
sales. This is unfortunate. Every game should have a punish-free setting, and
digital worlds should be places to relax, explore, and fantasize. Nonviolent,
friendly videogames do exist, though, and many are worth trying.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Here are some fun, nonviolent games
that I recommend:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Tetris<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Beat Sabre<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Astroneer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rez<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Minecraft<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Assassin’s Creed Discovery Tours<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The Turing Test<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Katamari<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Fez<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Portal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Abzu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rime<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Journey<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Flower<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Firewatch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Last Guardian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Captain Toad Treasure Tracker<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Stardew Valley<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Just Dance<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Spirit of the North<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Civilization</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">These games are
more likely to</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> put us
into a healthy state of flow and stimulate dopamine without stimulating
cortisol and the startle response. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Conclusion</span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Taking up videogames is not enough
to give the average person an anxiety disorder, but it is enough to mildly and noticeably
increase anxiety. And remember, anxiety is a ratchet. This means the effects
are cumulative. It is easy to become more anxious, but difficult to become less
anxious, so why would you want to expose yourself to anything that is
anxiogenic?</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The intense stimulation of video games can cause us to completely
disregard the panic signals our body is sending us. Instead, pay attention to
them. Start with the breath. </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">As you play, gain awareness of your breath. Try to breathe
slowly and deeply with your belly and through your nose. Breathe long breaths
that last for more than five seconds. And stay aware of any unnecessary bracing
that is going on for too long. Let it go, relax, and have fun.</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-90963851113733164912021-10-07T14:55:00.005-07:002023-07-26T16:06:02.640-07:00A Language Model like GPT Could Serve as Broca's Area in a Larger AGI System<p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;">Cutting edge AI language
software is more powerful than ever, and what it can do today might surprise
you. I'm sure you have heard of Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant. These AIs can
be really helpful but they are not even near the cutting edge of computer
language generation. Some of the best language AIs (also known as models) today can respond so well
to queries that most people assume there is a human at the other end typing the
answers. The newest kind, called large language models (LLMs), are simply astounding in terms of what they can do (such as Open AI's GPT-3, GPT-4 or ChatGPT). However, even the best of them still have a way to go before achieving
full human-level performance.</span></p><p><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The limitations of these
AI language models are very similar to those of our brain's language area.
Isolated from the rest of the brain, our brain's language area could
potentially still produce speech, but it would be rote, mechanical, and
unplanned, much like the language produced by contemporary AI language models.
But if this language software was integrated into a larger network with a form
of working memory, as our brain's language area is, it could potentially
produce much more coherent language.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Our brain's language
region is called Broca's area and helps us with the fine details of piecing
together our sentences. These are mostly the tedious details that we can't be
bothered by. We are unconscious of most of the work Broca's area performs, but
we wouldn't be able to speak without it. It does many things, including helping
us find words that are on the tip of our tongue. Broca's area could at least
keep us talking if the more generalist brain areas like the prefrontal cortex
(involved in both consciousness and larger overarching language concerns) were
gone. The speech generated from Broca's alone might sound grammatically correct
and have proper syntax, but the semantics would have issues. We see this in
people with prefrontal injuries today. They can talk indefinitely, and at
first, what they are saying might sound normal, but it doesn't take long to
realize that it is missing some intellectual depth. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As you will learn here,
modern AI language software is also missing depth because it does not plan its
speech. These systems literally put their sentences together one word at a
time. Given the series of words that have come so far, they predict which word
is most likely to come next. Then they add their prediction to the list of
words that have come before and use this new list to make the following prediction.
They repeat this process to string together sentences and paragraphs. In other
words, they have no forethought or real intention. You could say that modern AI
language generation systems "think" like someone who has a serious
brain injury or who has been lobotomized. They formulate speech like the TV
show character Michael Scott from The Office. Here is a telling quote from
Michael:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Sometimes I'll
start a sentence, and I don't even know where it's going. I just hope I find it
along the way. Like an improv conversation. An improversation." </span></i><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
<i>Michael Scott</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Michael is a parody. He
is a manager with an attention deficit, that has no real plan and does
everything on the fly. As you can see on the show, his work doesn't lead to
productivity, economic or otherwise. We need AI that is structured to do better
than this.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The question becomes,
how can we create an AI system that does more than just predict the next best
word, one at a time? We want a system that plans ahead, formulating the gist of
what it wants to say in its imagination before choosing the specific words
needed to communicate it. As will be discussed, that will never emerge by using
the same machine learning architectures we have been using. Additional
architectural modifications are needed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This entry will espouse
taking the current neural network language architecture (the transformer neural
network model introduced in 2017) and attaching it to a larger, generalist system. This larger
system will allow word choice to be affected by a large number of varied
constraints (not just the words that came earlier in the sentence). The diagram
below shows a multimodal neural network made up of several different
interfacing networks. You can see the language network on the far right, in the
center, attached directly to a speaker.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM7oFL6WNP_YIJyup-_QFKIA_VUXrDY8M-OgpJr88zFtSSrB0_BO33HKTt28LcvdeKSS0gvsfjoF5wk8usrK7Dq1te26aG3nWd6TsA5IKVJe6-RW4mSIBEXbq9An7b5piLOQ-IVLpIEDIb/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="412" data-original-width="624" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM7oFL6WNP_YIJyup-_QFKIA_VUXrDY8M-OgpJr88zFtSSrB0_BO33HKTt28LcvdeKSS0gvsfjoF5wk8usrK7Dq1te26aG3nWd6TsA5IKVJe6-RW4mSIBEXbq9An7b5piLOQ-IVLpIEDIb/w640-h422/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It would be a tremendous
engineering feat to get multiple neural networks to interface and work
together, as depicted above. But research with neural networks has shown that
they are often interoperable and can quickly adapt to each other and learn to
work cooperatively. AI pioneer Marvin Minsky called the human brain a “society
of minds.” By that he meant that our brain is made up of different modular
networks each contribute to a larger whole. I don’t think AI will truly become
intelligent unless it works in this way. Before we go any further, the next
section will briefly explain how neural networks (the most popular form of
machine learning in AI) work.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How Neural Networks
Chose Their Words</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I explain how neural
networks work in detail in my last entry, which you can read </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.observedimpulse.com/2021/07/how-ais-put-their-sentences-together.html">here</a></span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A quick recap: Most
forms of machine learning, including neural networks, are systems with a large
number of interlinked neuron-like nodes. These are represented by the circles in the
diagram below. The nodes are connected via weighted links. These links are
represented as the lines connecting the circles. The links are considered
“weighted” because each has a numerical strength that is subject to change
during learning. As the AI software is exposed to inputs, those inputs flow
through the system (from left to right), travelling from node to node until
they reach the output layer on the far right. That output layer contains a node
for every word in the dictionary. Whichever node in the output layer is
activated the most will become the network’s next chosen word. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Language generating neural networks are exposed to millions of sentences, typically from books or articles. The
system can learn from what it is reading because it adapts to it. The weight’s
values are strengthened when it is able to correctly guess the next word in a
sentence it is reading, and the values are weakened when it chooses any other
word. Given a broad attention span and billions of training sessions, they can
get really good at internalizing the structure of the English language and piecing
sentences together word by word.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The diagram below shows
the words “this is my pet…” being fed into an AI neural network. The final word
“cat” is hidden from the network. As “this is my pet” passes through the
network from left to right, the words travel from node (circle) to node,
through the weighted links, toward the full dictionary of nodes at the output
layer. The pattern of inputs caused a pattern of network activity that then
selected a single output. You can see the network converging on the word “cat”
as its best prediction. It got it right! This network could then continue,
rapidly writing sentences in this way for as long as you tell it to.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #f79646; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtlEe3ShmAg68bMUCXZtI358kZyPSRDQ51V-2wzU4LUK-V2YeIz0BXwxbUV87t3aAqLrrpFRXQN-21VjehqGOZgWupzHw4UPd-MuZDLIf941MSyswd0ocenw8MlXsF_tbB7CjAxBiDqCCb/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="117" data-original-width="624" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtlEe3ShmAg68bMUCXZtI358kZyPSRDQ51V-2wzU4LUK-V2YeIz0BXwxbUV87t3aAqLrrpFRXQN-21VjehqGOZgWupzHw4UPd-MuZDLIf941MSyswd0ocenw8MlXsF_tbB7CjAxBiDqCCb/w640-h120/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Diagram
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Broca's area in your
brain works similarly. It takes inputs from many different systems in the
brain, especially from the system that recognizes spoken language. These inputs
activate select neurons out of a network of millions of them. The activation
energy in the form of neural impulses travels through the network and toward
something analogous to an output layer. This happens every time you speak a
word. In both the brain and AI software, inputs work their way through a system
of nodes toward an existing output. That output represents the decision, and in
this case, it's the next word. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AI that Generates
Natural Language</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Broca's area is a patch
of cortical tissue in the frontal lobe designed by evolution to have all the
right inputs, outputs, and internal connectivity to guide the involuntary,
routinized aspects involved in speech production. Neuroscientists still don't know
much about how it works, and reverse engineering it completely would be nearly
impossible with today's technology. Lucky for us, AI probably doesn't need an
exact equivalent of Broca's to develop the gift of gab. In fact, it may already
have something even better. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are many
state-of-the-art natural language systems we could discuss, but here we will
focus on one called GPT-3 (which arrived in May 2020). It is an exciting new AI project that has proven to
be highly adept at natural language processing (NLP). It can answer questions,
write computer code, summarize long texts, and even write its own essays. However,
keep in mind that as discussed above, it has no plan. The next word it chooses
is just the word that it "predicts" should come next. This is called
"next word prediction."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You can feed it the
first two sentences of a news article, and it will write the rest of the
article convincingly. You can ask it to write a poem in a certain author's
style, and its output may be indistinguishable from an actual poem by that
author. In fact, one blogger created a blog where they only posted GPT-3 text
as entries. The entries were so good that people were convinced it was written
by a human and started subscribing to the blog. Here is an example of a news
article that it wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj22xH3Oth1La_nDmd93rVI7mLT2lJ1VMtstXZIfuF0Nvi9PnslPrdb4kNSccUFocI8E1erH7v9v6K9-Z7jqFXgw8GwlaX845Iacn-P3aDO9DspjewXnlln33Xrq_DnYBuwSzkGxAvdGlHA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="384" data-original-width="624" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj22xH3Oth1La_nDmd93rVI7mLT2lJ1VMtstXZIfuF0Nvi9PnslPrdb4kNSccUFocI8E1erH7v9v6K9-Z7jqFXgw8GwlaX845Iacn-P3aDO9DspjewXnlln33Xrq_DnYBuwSzkGxAvdGlHA/w640-h394/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Traditionally AI does poorly with common
sense, but many of GPT-3’s responses are highly logical. I want to urge you to
use an online search to find out more about the fantastic things that it can
do. However, keep in mind that it sometimes makes fundamental mistakes that a
human would never make. For example, it can say absurd things, completely lose
coherence over long passages, and insert non-sequiturs and even falsehoods.
Also, as rational as its replies may seem, GPT-3 has no understanding of the
language it creates, and it is certainly not conscious in any way. This becomes
clear from its responses to nonsense:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="OpenAI GPT-3 and Prompt Engineering | by swapp19902 | The Startup | Medium" id="Picture_x0020_45" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 174pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 468pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg14glH1_9CwjgBTtcXb_KVN_c_yWnjKiSlZ50rC7I3WfD95BuHCH4hkJCjA9LcvphxFngXT_tFgRmvJkmhjCkCU_j3TFoo1WZa0ZYPF7-wnx72JJyLg94doW1bPTZ-g2i0WLPAB7HkpJOO/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="232" data-original-width="624" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg14glH1_9CwjgBTtcXb_KVN_c_yWnjKiSlZ50rC7I3WfD95BuHCH4hkJCjA9LcvphxFngXT_tFgRmvJkmhjCkCU_j3TFoo1WZa0ZYPF7-wnx72JJyLg94doW1bPTZ-g2i0WLPAB7HkpJOO/w640-h238/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I don’t think that tweaking or expanding
GPT-3’s architecture (which many in AI are discussing) is ever going to produce
a general problem solver. But it, or a language system like it, could make a
valuable contribution to a larger, more general-purpose AI. It could even help
to train that larger AI. In fact, I think GPT-3 would be a perfect addition to
many proposed cognitive architectures, including one that I have proposed in an
article in the journal Physiology and Behavior </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938416308289?via%3Dihub">here</a></span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The
rest of this blog post will describe how a language model like GPT-3 could
contribute meaningfully to a conscious machine if integrated with other
specialized systems properly. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Playing the Role of Broca’s<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When we are born, our language areas are not
blank slates. They come with their own instincts. Highly complex wiring
patterns in the cerebral cortex set us up in advance to acquire language and
use it facilely. AI should also not be a blank slate, like an undifferentiated
mass of neurons. It needs guidance in the form of a wiring structure. GPT-3s
existing lexicon, and record of dependencies between words could help bootstrap
a more extensive blank-slate system. Taking a pretrained system like GPT-3 and
embedding it within a much larger AI network (that starts with predominantly
random weights) could provide that AI network with the instincts and linguistic
structure it needs to go from grammatical, syntactic, and lexical proficiency
to proper comprehension. In other words, an advanced NLP system will provide
Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker’s “language instinct.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When GPT-3 chooses the next word, it is not
influenced by any other modalities. There is no sight, hearing, taste, smell,
touch, mental imagery, motor responses, or knowledge from embodiment in the
physical world influencing what it writes. It is certainly not influenced by
contemplative thought. These are major limitations. By taking the GPT neural
network and integrating it with other functionally specialized neural networks,
we can get it to interact with similar systems that process information of
different modalities resulting in a multimodal approach.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will give it a broader form of attention
that can keep track of, not just text but a variety of other incentives,
perceptions, and concepts. GPT-3 already prioritizes strategically chosen
words, but we want it also to prioritize snapshots, audio clips, memories,
beliefs, and intentions. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Determining priority should be influenced by
real-world events and experiences. Thus, the system should be able to make its
own perceptual distinctions using cameras, microphones, and other sensors. It
should also be able to interact using motors or servos with real-world objects.
Actual physical interaction develops what psychologists call “embodiment,”
crucial experiences that shape learning and understanding (GPT-3, on the other
hand, is very much disembodied software). Knowledge about perception and
physical interaction will influence the AI’s word choice, just like our
real-world experiences influence the things we say. For instance, by applying
embodied knowledge to the events that it witnesses at a baseball game, an AI
should understand what it is like to catch or hit a ball. This understanding
coming from experience would influence how it perceives the game, what it
expects to happen, and the words it uses to talk about the game. This kind of
embodied knowledge could then interact with the millions of pages of written
text that it has read about baseball from sports news and other sources.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For me, the end goal of AI is to create a
system that can help us accomplish things we cannot do on our own. I am most
interested in creating an AI that can learn about science, by doing things like
reading nonfiction books and academic articles, and then make contributions to
scientific knowledge by coming up with new insights, innovations, and
technology. To do this, an AI must think like a human, which means it must have
the equivalent of an entire human brain and all of its sensory and associative
cortices, not just its language area. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I think that to build superintelligence or
artificial general intelligence, the system must be embodied and multimodal.
You want it to be interacting with the world in an active way, watching events
unfold, watching movies and youtube videos, interacting with people and
animals. As it does this it should be using the words that it has to describe
its experience as psychological items (higher-order abstractions) to make
predictions about what will come next and how to interact with the world. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GPT-3 uses its attention to keep track of
long-term dependencies. It selectively prioritizes the most relevant of recent
words so that it can refer back to them. This is how it keeps certain words “in
mind” so that it doesn’t stray from the topic as it writes. GPT-3 is 2048
tokens (think words) wide. That is its “context window” or attention span. In
my opinion, this may be more than large enough to serve as an equivalent of
Broca’s area. GPT-3 must have an attention of thousands of tokens because it is
compensating for the fact that it doesn’t have the equivalent of an
overarching, hierarchical, embodied, multimodal, global working memory.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The architecture for GTP-3 is very similar to
that of GPT-2 and GPT-1. They all use the same algorithm for attention. GPT-3
performs much better than its earlier iterations, mostly because it is much
larger. It contains more layers, wider layers, and was trained on more data.
Some people think that using this architecture and continuing to scale it up
could lead to artificial general intelligence, which is AI that can do anything
a human can do. Some even speculate that it could lead to conscious AI. I am
highly convinced that GPT-3, or other neural networks like it, will never lead
to consciousness. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Continuing to scale up this system will lead
to improved performance but also diminishing returns. Although it could lead to
many general abilities, it will never lead to true understanding or
comprehension. Trying to do so would be like creating an Olympic sprinter by
building an intricately complex robotic foot. The foot may be necessary, but
you will need all the other body parts to come together for it to run
competitively. GPT-3 must be linked together with other specialized modules
into a shared workspace for it to really shine. Before we talk about this
workspace in the last section, let’s look at Broca’s in a little more detail.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Broca's and Wernike's Areas</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Broca's area is a motor area in the frontal
lobe responsible for speech. Patients with damage to Broca's have trouble
speaking. If the damage is sufficient, they may be disfluent, aphasiac, or
mute. Much like GPT-3, Broca's selects the next word to be spoken based on the
words that came before. Once it chooses the word that fits in context, it hands
the word down to lower-order motor control areas (like the primary motor area)
that coordinate the body's actual muscular structures (voice box, tongue, lips,
and mouth) to say the word. The neurons in your motor strip constitute your
output layer, and there is a dictionary in there in some shape or form. To
continue to explain the role of Broca's in language, we must introduce its
sister area, Wernicke's.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wernike's area is a cortical area that helps
us process heard speech. It is found in the temporal lobe and takes its inputs
from early auditory areas that get their inputs straight from the ears.
Neurological patients with damage to this area can hear most nonspeech sounds
normally as their auditory areas are still intact, but they have a specific
deficit in recognizing language. In other words, your Wernicke's area will not
try to analyze the sound of a car but will try to analyze the voice of your
friend. It acts as a pattern recognizer specifically for spoken words. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wernicke's and Broca's are specialized modules
whose (mostly unconscious) outputs affect how we perceive and use language and
even how we think. It is interesting to note that Broca's is about 20% larger
in women than in men, and this may be responsible for women's greater fluency
with language and higher verbal abilities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The diagram below shows how we can go from
hearing our friend say something to us to responding to them with our own
words. First, the primary auditory area takes sounds heard by the ears,
processes them further, and sends its output to Wernicke's area. Wernicke's
then picks out the words from these sounds and sends those to Broca's. Broca's,
in turn, sends the words that should be spoken in response to the motor area,
which will then send the appropriate instructions to the tongue, jaw, mouth,
and lips. This seems like a tight loop, but keep in mind that several other
loops involving various brain areas contribute to our verbal responses (loops
that NLP systems such as GPT-3 don't have).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Broca's vs Wernicke's | Surgical nursing, Nursing tips, Wernicke's area" id="Picture_x0020_41" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 199.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 363.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata cropbottom="29304f" cropright="1645f" o:title="Broca's vs Wernicke's | Surgical nursing, Nursing tips, Wernicke's area" src="file:///C:/Users/jared/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3noQmJyFMKmnqckGJ0URwIm-dE3ZFLMEPjNdCIdCaHRtVjk6JNK2OhzXKh602d1RxT1HU614j8_AF-ufaVEv-JApGfOeO5ilF-PAxlvpa22Zi5OdFoasLlF12lghspNDCJ84fURfSpFCx/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="266" data-original-width="485" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3noQmJyFMKmnqckGJ0URwIm-dE3ZFLMEPjNdCIdCaHRtVjk6JNK2OhzXKh602d1RxT1HU614j8_AF-ufaVEv-JApGfOeO5ilF-PAxlvpa22Zi5OdFoasLlF12lghspNDCJ84fURfSpFCx/w640-h352/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is worth mentioning that GPT-3 handles both
the input of text and its output, so in this sense, it serves as an analogue of
both Broca's and Wernicke's areas. However, it cannot hear or speak. This is
easily fixed, though, by connecting a speech to text program to its input to
allow it to hear. Allowing it to speak is as easy as connecting its output to a
text to speech program. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the brain, Broca's and Wernicke's have a
continual open circuit connecting them at all times. They are constantly
working together. Your Wernicke's area also listens to the speech you generate,
which helps provide real-time feedback about the words coming out of your
mouth. This allows language perception to be constantly linked to language
generation. Not only does it allow us to hear the words that we say out loud,
but it also gives a voice to the subvocal inner speech that we create. In other
words, the loop between these two areas is responsible for the voice in your
head, your internal monologue. Your Broca's area allows its outputs to be sent
to your auditory area even when actual speech is suppressed, and this is why
you can hear your own voice in your head even when you are not speaking aloud.
We basically hallucinate our inner voice. Inner speech may be an essential
aspect of consciousness, so we should give our AI system this kind of
circuit. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The circuit connecting Broca's to Wernicke's
is also responsible for the "phonological loop", which is a form of
short-term sensory memory that allows us to remember a crystal-clear version of
the last 2.5 seconds of what we just heard. This is why you can remember
someone's last sentence word for word or remember a seven-digit phone number.
Judging from the fact that all humans have one and that it is very useful to us
day to day, the phonological loop may also make substantial contributions to
consciousness. For this reason, Broca's and Wernicke's analogues may be
essential ingredients for superintelligent AI.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GPT-3 may be ready as-is to serve as an
equivalent of Broca's area in a larger system that is designed to interface
with it. However, it is not ready to handle the long-term conceptual
dependencies necessary for true cognition. To do this, it needs to interact
with a global workspace.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is a Global Workspace?</span></b><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Global Workspace is a popular model of
consciousness and brain architecture from brain scientist Bernard Baars. It
emphasizes that what we are conscious of is broadcast globally throughout the
brain ("fame in the brain"), even to unconscious processing areas.
These unconscious areas operate in parallel, with little communication between
them. They are, however, influenced by the global information and can form new
impressions of it, which in turn can be sent back to the global
workspace. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The diagram below, adapted from Baars' work,
shows five lower-order systems separated from each other by black bars. Each of
these systems is hierarchical, and only at the top of their hierarchy can they
communicate with one another. The location where they meet and exchange
information is the global workspace. Here in the workspace, the most critical
elements are activated and bound together into a conscious perception.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit-d2bIyFjMFc6CDhX5Jswu7TMg9bbyi4Gj7d7kPzS4i63zswn9vgB2ZbR7z2jbWI4vAX-KKfXc5EGmoNgIIwczSvzwwAErc419EIPs-i1CpCcp3jZCsj6FaLT7ZTPg4hyraowa0X3G7cP/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="401" data-original-width="445" height="577" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit-d2bIyFjMFc6CDhX5Jswu7TMg9bbyi4Gj7d7kPzS4i63zswn9vgB2ZbR7z2jbWI4vAX-KKfXc5EGmoNgIIwczSvzwwAErc419EIPs-i1CpCcp3jZCsj6FaLT7ZTPg4hyraowa0X3G7cP/w640-h577/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_79" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 301pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 334pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/jared/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This neurological model can be instantiated in
a computer in the form of interacting neural networks. The diagram below shows
six different neural networks, which all remain separate until their output
layers are connected in a shared global workspace. The black letters represent
items held active in working memory.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_100" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 280pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 294pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo0RBRLdpzojj-G3OH-2FG793KouTAc9sjwUhIEsCWFaRxYdTvLoBWK0k3iVO6vxXrSqXb7Nr8WRQ85qH0lVso8wvEnYuPgqPhWJ9IvFt3q5kXQTWfomAAj1RT30YHiCLBrbar-82f124v/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="373" data-original-width="392" height="610" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo0RBRLdpzojj-G3OH-2FG793KouTAc9sjwUhIEsCWFaRxYdTvLoBWK0k3iVO6vxXrSqXb7Nr8WRQ85qH0lVso8wvEnYuPgqPhWJ9IvFt3q5kXQTWfomAAj1RT30YHiCLBrbar-82f124v/w640-h610/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The global workspace is like a discussion
between specialists who share their most important ideas. If Broca's converges
strongly on a series of words, those will be shared with the global workspace. From
there, they are shared with other brain areas and modules. For example, if when
you read about a "pink rhino in a bathing suit" the words in this phrase
are translated to words you hear in your "mind's ear." From there
they are broadcast to the global workspace where you become conscious of them.
From there they are shared with your visual processing areas so that you can
form a mental picture in your "mind's eye."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It would probably be helpful to train the AI
language model (or module) by itself first before it is dropped into a larger
global architecture. This is similar to the way our Broca's and Wernicke's
areas come with genetically determined wiring patterns that have been selected
over tens of millions of years of evolution (it is worth mentioning that even
apes and monkeys have analogues of these two areas, and they generally perform
the same functions). Once the language area is dropped in it can play a hand in
training the rest of the system by interacting with it. Over time, the two
systems will help to fine-tune each other.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Broca's area is always running in the
background, but its processing does not always affect us. It only has access to
consciousness when what it is doing is deemed important by dopaminergic
centers. Similarly, the language it produces is only broadcast to the larynx
and thus spoken aloud when other brain areas grant this. Our AI system should
work this way too. It should have three levels of natural language generation
activity: it should be able to speak, produce subvocal speech that only it can
hear, and have speech generation going on in the background that unconsciously
influences it (and the global workspace).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even if the system is not speaking or printing
text to a console, its language generation should be running in the background.
Like us, it may or may not be conscious of the words its Broca's area is
stringing together. In other words, its output may not be taking center stage
in the global workspace. However, whether subliminal or not, the language it
generates should still influence the behavior of other modules. And just as you
can hear the words coming out of your mouth, this larger system would be able
to analyze GPT -3's outputs and provide it with feedback about what to say
next. We would want it to be able to self-monitor its own language output. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Broca's area takes conceptual information from
the global workspace and turns it into a stream of words. It translates, fills
in the blanks, and finds the appropriate words to express what is intended.
When you are approached by a stranger that seems to have a sense of urgency,
Broca's area turns your intentions into words: "Hi, how can I help
you?" We don't have the mental capacity to pick and choose all the words
we use individually. Much of it is done completely unconsciously by this
system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
first, the word selections made by the AI system would be almost entirely
determined by the language model. This is analogous to how our language areas
and their inherited architecture shape how we babble as infants. Slowly the
weights and activation from the global workspace would start to influence the
word selection randomly and subtly. Errors and reward feedback would alter the
weights in various networks and slowly tune them to perform better. Over time,
the language model will gradually relinquish control to the higher-order
demands and constraints set by the larger system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The diagram below shows a large system made of
rectangles. Each rectangle represents a neural network. The largest network on
the left (more of a square) contains semantic representations that can be held
in either the focus of attention (FOA), the short-term memory store (STM), or
in inert long-term memory. The letters in this square show that this system is
updated iteratively. This means that the contents of the system's working
memory have changed from time one (t1) to time two (t2). But significantly, it
hasn't changed entirely because these two states overlap in the set of concepts
they contain. This kind of behavior would be important for the language module,
but also for the other modules in our AI system as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Diagram
Description automatically generated" id="Picture_x0020_54" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 263pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 463.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata cropleft="2425f" cropright="4786f" o:title="Diagram
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQc3ACQH5RNCrnFmVi-wUHr9a-nHYDOG6q80hqfVGlEJ7OErNVfapY8rmsursgVPpZ-2FESYpSqktdLLvchz3K4tfV4lBYlTKGQV9iFVLE1kUFusXKDq6vYyEWs0203sKvxcA2xvLBIcyN/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="351" data-original-width="618" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQc3ACQH5RNCrnFmVi-wUHr9a-nHYDOG6q80hqfVGlEJ7OErNVfapY8rmsursgVPpZ-2FESYpSqktdLLvchz3K4tfV4lBYlTKGQV9iFVLE1kUFusXKDq6vYyEWs0203sKvxcA2xvLBIcyN/w640-h364/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is important to mention that GPT-3 is also
updated iteratively. Its attention span for the words that it just read is
limited. Once it is full it is forced to drop the words that have been there
the longest. We can assume that Broca's area is also updated iteratively. But
unlike Broca's, GPT-3 does not connect to a larger system that prioritizes its
working memory by using an FOA and an STM.</span><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The network of neural networks described here should utilize
nodes that fire for extended periods to simulate the sustained firing of
cortical pyramidal neurons to create a focus of attention. Neurons that drop
out of sustained firing should then remain primed using a form of synaptic
potentiation amounting to an STM. This larger system should also use SSC,
icSSC, iterative updating, multiassociative search, and progressive
modification, as explained in my article </span><span style="background: white; color: red; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938416308289?via%3Dihub">here</a></span><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">. This architecture should allow the system to form
associations and predictions, formulate inferences, implement algorithms,
compound intermediate results, and ultimately create a form of mental
continuity.</span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">Rather than relying
on “next word prediction” truly intelligent systems need a form of working
memory that and a global workspace. </span>Linking the modern natural language generation models with the major mechanistic constructs from cognitive neuroscience could give us the superintelligence we want.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />Sorry this entry is SO fragmented. I spent weeks on this but just couldn't seem to pull it together.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">To see my model of working memory and artificial superintelligence, visit:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">www.aithought.com</p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-11361714912096114482021-07-02T18:58:00.011-07:002023-07-26T16:03:51.444-07:00How AIs Put Their Sentences Together: Natural Language Generation<p class="MsoNormal">AI that can produce natural language is a hot topic today.
Here we are going to discuss how it is structured, how it works, how it learns,
and how it could possibly be improved.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of AI
concerned with recognizing and analyzing natural language data. Alexa, Siri,
and Google Assistant all use NLP techniques. Capabilities of NLP software
include speech recognition, language translation, sentiment analysis, and
language generation. Here we are primarily interested in natural language
generation, which means the creation of written text. There is a long history
of software that can produce language but only in the last few years has it
approached human-level capability.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">There are many state-of-the-art systems we could discuss,
but here we are going to focus on one called GPT-3. It is an exciting new AI
system that has proven to be highly adept at natural language generation. It
can answer questions, write computer code, summarize long texts, and even write
its own essays. Its writing is so good that often it seems as if it was written
by a human.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">You can feed GPT-3 the first two sentences of a news article
and it will write the rest of the article in a convincing manner. You can ask
it to write a poem in the style of a certain author, and its output may be
indistinguishable from an actual poem by that author. In fact, one blogger
created a blog where they only posted GPT-3 text as entries. The entries were
so good that people were convinced it was written by a human and started
subscribing to the blog.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Take a look at a few examples of its responses to simple
questions:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiQwYdKL64IvDlTL-MiVYTYB5UbHyiF9gT-rPxMAthtzJQvDpMDZxCurC0NwK-O4tltj7RiuEc3GZq3VFPUAS3iEdHM_4x_S7x1VoVMnVxA58PzT2o8QuiElVCNaEuIKL_yqmEJ3leL_fu/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="570" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiQwYdKL64IvDlTL-MiVYTYB5UbHyiF9gT-rPxMAthtzJQvDpMDZxCurC0NwK-O4tltj7RiuEc3GZq3VFPUAS3iEdHM_4x_S7x1VoVMnVxA58PzT2o8QuiElVCNaEuIKL_yqmEJ3leL_fu/w640-h408/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">Traditionally AI does poorly with common sense, but as you
can see many of GPT-3’s responses are highly logical. GPT-3 was trained on
thousands of websites, books, and most of Wikipedia. This enormous and diverse
corpus of unlabeled text amounted to hundreds of billions of words. Despite the
fact that what it is doing is simple and mechanical, because GPT-3 has so much
memory, and has been exposed to such a high volume of logical writing from good
authors, it is able to unconsciously piece together sentences of great
complexity and meaning. The way it is structured is fascinating and I hope that
by the end of this post you have strong intuitive understanding of how it
works.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">What is Natural Language Generation Doing?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">NLP uses distributional semantics. This means keeping track
of which words tend to appear together in the same sentences and how they are
ordered. Linguist John Firth (1890 – 1960) said, “You shall know a word by the
company it keeps.” NLP systems keep track of when and how words accompany each
other statistically. These systems are fed huge amounts of data in the form of
paragraphs and sentences, and they analyze how the words tend to be
distributed. They then use this probabilistic knowledge in reverse to generate
language.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">As they write, NLP systems are “filling in the blank” in a
process called “next word prediction.” That’s right, GPT has no idea what it is
going to say next, it literally only focuses on one word at a time, one after
another. GPT-3 “knows” nothing. It only appears to have knowledge about the
world because of the intricate statistics it keeps on the mathematical
relationships between words from works written by human authors. GPT-3 is
basically saying: “Based on the training data I have been exposed to, if I had
to predict what the next word in this sentence was, I would guess that it would
be _____.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">When you give an NLP system a single word, they will find
the most statistically appropriate word to follow it. If you give it half a
sentence, it will use all the words to calculate the next most appropriate
word. Then after these NLP systems make the first recommendation, they use that
word, along with the rest of the sentence, to recommend the next word. They
compile sentences iteratively in this manner, word by word. They are not
thinking. They are not using logic, mental imagery, concepts, ideas, semantic
or episodic memory. Rather, they are using a glorified version of the
autocomplete in your Google search bar, or your phone’s text messaging app.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">To really get a sense of this, open the text app on your
phone. Type one word, then see what the phone offers you as an autocomplete
suggestion for the next word. Select their recommendation. You can keep
selecting their recommendation to string together a sentence. Depending on the
algorithm the phone uses (likely Markovian) the sentence may make vague sense
or may make no sense at all. In principle though, this is how GPT and all other
modern language generating models work. The screenshots below show a search on
Google, and some sentences generated by my phone’s predictive text feature.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGuqwgxby7AEedBfM9CvvnO_3X0BkUlzCZ1WdmLC1ONX793qcZYnQJ22I3lmt3fRRcN4jN1188mzy0TNYrdA_Aa53aoDduIsBsGBnphnFUHbdmqwo4D388_NuJwD3Dosmmqf9hiHqhaDyT/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="311" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGuqwgxby7AEedBfM9CvvnO_3X0BkUlzCZ1WdmLC1ONX793qcZYnQJ22I3lmt3fRRcN4jN1188mzy0TNYrdA_Aa53aoDduIsBsGBnphnFUHbdmqwo4D388_NuJwD3Dosmmqf9hiHqhaDyT/" width="268" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBKHYmYx1_cL3GSwVJOv5HETPRE5wlUDsdIyVyt7OhCsIVThQzptsMlAAd9pF7ZqchstVdUpy6eC_IwBmLT32Xu4R8UhmgZs0XIOWMFaJdEFDBrpsyOdDgXz8SFWK8IOKAEVj7DcUQ22Xs/" style="font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="280" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBKHYmYx1_cL3GSwVJOv5HETPRE5wlUDsdIyVyt7OhCsIVThQzptsMlAAd9pF7ZqchstVdUpy6eC_IwBmLT32Xu4R8UhmgZs0XIOWMFaJdEFDBrpsyOdDgXz8SFWK8IOKAEVj7DcUQ22Xs/" width="236" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent;">A. Google using autocomplete to give you likely predictions
for your search. B. Using the autocomplete suggestions above my phone’s
keyboard to generate nonsense sentences.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">GPT-3 Has a Form of Attention<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Most autocomplete systems are much more myopic than GPT.
They may only take the previous word, or previous two words into consideration.
This is partially because it becomes very computationally expensive to look
back further than a couple of words. The more previous variables that are
tracked, the more expensive. A computer program that had both a list of every
word in the English language and the word that is most likely to follow each
word, would take up very little space in computer memory and require very
little processing resources. However, what GPT-3 does is much more complex
because it looks at the last several words to make its decisions.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The more words, the more context. The more context, the
better the prediction. Let’s say you were give the word “my” and asked to
predict the next word. Not very easy, right? What if you were given “is
my”? Still not very easy. How about,
“today is my”. Now those three words might give you the context you need to
predict that the next word is “birthday.” Words occuring along a timeline are
not independent or equiprobable. Rather, there are correlations and conditional
dependencies between sucessive words. What comes later is dependent on what
came before. In that four word string “today is my birthday” there is a
short-term dependency between “today” and “birthday.” So being able to have a
working memory of previous words is very helpful. More sophisticated AIs like
GPT-3 can deal with long-term dependencies too. This is when, an entire
paragraph later, GPT-3 can still reference the fact that today is someone’s
birthday.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By attending to preceding words, GPT-3 has a certain degree
of precision and appropriateness, and is able to stay on track. For instance,
it can remember the beginning of the sentence (or paragraph), and acknowledge
it or elaborate on it. Of course, this is essential to good writing. It’s
attentional resources enable it to remember cues over many time steps allowing
its behavior to retain pertinence by accounting for what came earlier. While it
was trained, the GPT-3 software was able to learn what to pay attention to
given the context it was considering. This way it does not have to keep everything
that came earlier in mind, it only stores what it predicts will be important in
the near future.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you can remember that you were talking about the
vice-president two sentences ago, then you will be able to use the pronoun
“she” when referring to her again. In this case your use of “she” is dependent
on a noun that you used several seconds ago. This is an example of an event
being used as a long-term dependency. Long-term dependencies structure our
thinking processes, and they allow us to predict what will happen next, what
our friend will do next, and they help us finish each other’s sentences. To a
large extent, intelligence is the ability to capture, remember, manage, and act
on short- and long-term dependencies.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">GPT-3 uses its attention to keep track of several long-term
dependencies at a time. It selectively prioritizes the most relevant of recent
items so that it can refer back to them. This is how it is able to keep certain
words “in mind” so that it doesn’t stray from the topic as it writes. GPT-3 is
2048 tokens wide, where tokens are generally equivalent to words. So, it has a
couple thousand words as its “context window” or attention span. This is
clearly much larger than what a human has direct access to from the immediate
past (Most people cannot remember a 10 digit number?). Its attention is what
allows it to write in a rational human-like way. Reading the following text
from GPT-2 can you spot places where it used its backward memory span to attend
to short and long-term dependencies?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieC4YTW5tI5DL93UxaPSpcygG8wlpyNAwNMSs9SV0CNoVKCR3U66dvgb2jRRl1B4RPwCD8EidfO_wuua0VRa2ALh3ThWsBVm4YE-40k_GJyJV2__9pkoe6r3aruR1iXiMCtmhLFWGV8W1F/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="624" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieC4YTW5tI5DL93UxaPSpcygG8wlpyNAwNMSs9SV0CNoVKCR3U66dvgb2jRRl1B4RPwCD8EidfO_wuua0VRa2ALh3ThWsBVm4YE-40k_GJyJV2__9pkoe6r3aruR1iXiMCtmhLFWGV8W1F/w571-h640/image.png" width="571" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal">As you can see GPT-2 takes the context from the
human-written prompt above and creates an entire story. Its story retains many
of the initial elements introduced by the prompt and expands on them. You can
also see how it is able to introduce related words and concepts and then refer
back to them paragraphs later in a reasonable way.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Some Technical but Interesting Details About GPT-3<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">GPT-3 was introduced in May 2020 by Open AI Inc. which was
founded by Elon Musk and Sam Altman. GPT-3 stands for Generative Pre-trained
Transformer 3. The “generative” in the name means that it can create its own
content. The word “pre-trained” means that it has already learned what it needs
to know. Its learning is actually now complete (for the most part) and thus its
synaptic weights have been frozen. The word “transformer” refers to the type of
neural network it is (a version of a recurrent network). The transformer
architecture, by the way, is relatively simple. It has also been used in other
language models such as Google’s BERT and Microsoft’s Turing Natural Language
Generation (T-NLG).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The 3 in GPT-3 denotes that it is a third-generation product
coming after GPT and GPT-2 as the third iteration of the GPT-n series. GPT-1
and 2 were also groundbreaking and similarly seen as technologically
disruptive. GPT-3 has a wider attention span than GPT-2 and many more layers.
GPT-2 had 1.5 billion parameters, and GPT-3 has a total of 175 billion
parameters. Thus, it is over 100 times larger than its impressive predecessor
which came two years before it. What are those 175 billion parameters? The
parameters are the number of synaptic learning changes that can take place
between its neurons. The more parameters, the more memory it has, and the more
structural complexity to its memory.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">You can make a rough comparison between the 175 billion
parameters in GPT-3 to the 100 trillion synapses in the human brain. That
should give you a sense of how much more information your brain is capable of
holding (over 500x). It cost $4.6 million to train GPT-3. At that rate, trying
to scale it up to the size of the brain would cost an unwieldy $2.5 billion.
However, considering the fact that neural network training efficiency has been
doubling every 16 months, by 2032 scientists may be able to create a system
with the memory capacity of the human brain (100 trillion parameters) for
around the same cost of GPT-3 ($5 million). This is one reason why many people
are excited about the prospect of keeping the GPT architecture and just
throwing more compute at it to achieve superintelligence.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">It is worth mentioning that scaling up from GPT-2 to GPT-3
has not yet resulted in diminishing returns. That is, its performance has
increased on a straight line. This suggests that just throwing more computing
power at the same architecture could lead to equally stunning performance for
GPT-4. This has led many researchers to wonder how big this can get, and how
far we can take it. I think that it will continue to scale well for a while
longer, but I don’t think the transformer architecture will ever approach any
form of sentient consciousness. Most forms of AI (machine learning and deep
learning) are one trick ponies. They perform well, but only in one specific
domain. My belief is that a specialized system like GPT will continue to be
used in the future but will make modular contributions to more generalist
systems. I cover that in the next blog entry which you can read here.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">GPT-3 is a closed book system, which means that it does not
query a database to find its answers, it “speaks from its own knowledge.” It
has read Wikipedia, but (Unlike IBM’s Jeopardy champion “Watson”) does not have
Wikipedia saved verbatim in files on its hard drive. Rather, it “read” or
traversed through Wikipedia and saved its impressions of it that did not
already match its existing structure. In other words, it saved information
about the incorrect predictions it made about Wikipedia. It is important to
keep in mind that it is not a simple lookup table. It is an autoregressive
language model, meaning that it predicts future values from its memories of
past values. It interpolates and extrapolates from what it remembers. It is
amazing at this, and its abilities generalize to a wide variety of tasks. GPT-3
outperforms many fine-tuned, state of the art models in a range of different
domains, tasks, and benchmarks. In fact, some of its accomplishments are mind
blowing.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Human accuracy at detecting articles that were produced by
GPT-3 (and not another human) is barely above chance at 52%. This means that it
is very difficult to tell if you are reading something written by it or by a
real human. It also means that GPT-3 has nearly passed a written form of the
Turing test. GPT-3 really is an amazing engineering feat. It shows that simply
taking a transformer network and exposing it to millions of sentences from text
online, you can get a system that appears intelligent. It appears intelligent
even though it is not modeled after the brain and is missing most of the major
features thought by brain scientists, and psychologists to be instrumental to
intelligence.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">It writes as if it has understanding. But in reality, it
understands nothing. It cannot build abstract conceptual structures and cannot
reliably synthesize new intellectual or academic ideas. It has, however, shown
glimmers of a simple form of reasoning that allows it to create true content
that was not in its training set. For example, although it cannot add 10-digit
numbers (which a pocket calculator can do with ease) it can add 2- and 3-digit
numbers (35 + 67) and do lots of other math that it was never trained to do and
never encountered an example of. Its designers claim that it has never seen any
multiplication tables. Specialists are now arguing about what it means that it
can do math that it has never seen.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">In the example at the beginning of this blog entry GPT-3
knew that there are no animals with three legs. This knowledge was not
explicitly programmed into it by a programmer, nor was it spelled out
explicitly in its training data. Pretty amazing. If GPT-3 were designed
differently and got its knowledge from a database of a long laundry list of
facts (like the Cyc AI project) programmed by hand it wouldn’t easily interface
and interact with other neural networks. But since GPT-3 is a neural network,
it should play constructively and collaboratively with other neural networks.
This really underscores the potential value of architectures like this in the
future.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">GPT-3 is very different from something like IBM’s Watson,
the Jeopardy champion (which I have written about here). Watson was programmed
with thousands of lines of code, annotations, and conditionals. This
programming helped it respond to particular contingencies that were identified
by humans in advance. GPT-3 has very little in the way of formal rules. The
logical structure that comes out of it is coming from the English language
content that it has “read.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">GPT-3 was trained on prodigious amounts of data in
Microsoft’s cloud using graphics processing units (GPUs). GPUs are often used
to train neural networks because they have a large number of cores. In other
words, a GPU is like having many weak CPUs all of which can work on different
small problems at the same time. This is only useful if the computer’s work can
be broken down into separate threads (parallelizable). This makes a GPU
well-suited for the highly parallel task of modeling individual neurons because
each neuron can be modeled independently. Multicore GPUs have only been
accessible to public consumers for the last ten years. They started with 2
cores, then 4, and today they can have thousands. What was the impetus for
engineers to build fantastically complex multicore GPUs? It was the demand for
videogames. Gaming computers and videogame consoles require better and better
graphics cards to handle state of the art games. Less than 10 years ago AI
scientists realized that they could take advantage of this and use GPUs
themselves. This is a major reason why deep learning AI is performing at high
levels and is such a hot topic today.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">OpenAI and Microsoft needed hundreds of GPUs to train GPT-3.
If they had only used one $8,000 RTX 8000 GPU (15 TFLOPS) it would have taken
more than 600 years to process all of the training that took place. If they
would have used the GPU on your home computer, it would have likely taken
thousands of years. That gives you an idea of how much processing time and
resources went into fine-tuning this network. But what is involved in
fine-tuning a network. Let’s discuss what is happening under the hood. (Apart
from training, querying the pretrained model is also resource expensive. GPT-2
was able to run on a single machine at inference time, but GPT-3 must run on a
cluster.)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">How Neural Networks Work<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">This next section will offer an explanation for how
artificial neural networks operate. It will then show how neural networks are
applied to language processing and NLP networks like GPT-3. It is important to
point out that this explanation highly simplified and incomplete, but it should
communicate the gist and give you some helpful intuitions about how to think
about how AI functions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">To understand how a neural network works, first let’s look
at a single neuron with three inputs. The three circles on the left in the
figure below represent neurons (or nodes). These neurons, X1, X2, and X3, are
in the input layer and they are taking information directly from an outside
source (the data you input). Each neuron is capable of holding a value from 0
to 1. It sends this value to the next neuron to its right. The neuron on the
right takes the values from these three inputs and adds them together to see if
they sum above a certain threshold. If they do, the neuron will fire. If not,
it won’t. Just as in the brain, the artificial neuron’s pattern of firing over
time is dependent on its inputs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">We all know that neural networks learn, so how could this
simple system learn? It learns by tweaking its synaptic weights, W1, W2, and
W3. In other words, if the neuron on the right learns that inputs 1 and 2 are
important but that input 3 is not important, it will increase the weights of
the first two and decrease the weight of the third. As you can see in the
formula below it multiplies each input by its associated weight and then adds
the products together to get a number. Again, if this number is higher than its
threshold for activation it will fire. When it fires, it sends information to
the neurons that it is connected to. Remember, this simple four neuron example
would just be a miniscule fraction of a contemporary neural network.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiuhw8RvoxW9jmqz-37NzRmVI30lbOAmuZkEra7T6nEZmUn4cpM0uRVvf0EbdIqWH1d-Lu77zDkLVX5ecPqMsmCZ1FFfvyG701FMb23W9Y5miQtFFEyGFJ2UrTYDjp2NubQMFwKzEAKEnG/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="624" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiuhw8RvoxW9jmqz-37NzRmVI30lbOAmuZkEra7T6nEZmUn4cpM0uRVvf0EbdIqWH1d-Lu77zDkLVX5ecPqMsmCZ1FFfvyG701FMb23W9Y5miQtFFEyGFJ2UrTYDjp2NubQMFwKzEAKEnG/w640-h402/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
figure below shows a bunch of neurons connected together to create a network.
This is a very simple, vanilla neural network sometimes referred to as a
multilayer perceptron. Each neuron is connected to every other neuron in the
adjacent layer. This is referred to as being “fully connected.” All these connections
are associated with a weight, which can be changed by experience, and thus
provide the network with many different possible ways to learn. Each weight is
tuning knob that is adjusted through trial and error in an effort to find an
optimal network configuration.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The
network below recognizes digits, and here it is shown correctly recognizing the
handwritten number 3. A picture of the handwritten 3 is fed into the system.
The photo is 28 pixels wide, by 28 pixels tall, for a total of 784 pixels. This
means that the input layer is going to need 784 neurons, one for each pixel. The
brightness of each pixel, on a scale from 0 to 1 are fed into the input neurons
as you can see below. These numbers pass through the network from left to
right. As they do this they will be multiplied by their associated weights at
each layer until the “activation energy” from the pattern of input results in a
pattern of output. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">How
many output neurons would you expect this network to have? Well, if it
recognizes digits, then it should have 10 outputs, one for each digit (0-9).
After the activation energy from the inputs passes through the network, one of
the ten neurons in the output layer will be activated more than the others.
This will be the network’s answer or conclusion. In the example below, the
output neuron corresponding to the number 3 is activated the most at an activation
level of .95. The system correctly recognized the digit as a 3. Please note the
ellipses in each column which indicate that the neurons are so numerous that some
of them are not pictured.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4ztbtRx79upotfntxFPjnA4P_zlYvnm26xGxy2Y4HYHUgx66IMonZRQ3f9q3dRHMePYR9ZEzDatVjqYdK3rRyjRWugwK3xWlXWEVFXvr0j-Jm8NRPR5OHIIs0n59HKgopubw75usOigaP/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="623" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4ztbtRx79upotfntxFPjnA4P_zlYvnm26xGxy2Y4HYHUgx66IMonZRQ3f9q3dRHMePYR9ZEzDatVjqYdK3rRyjRWugwK3xWlXWEVFXvr0j-Jm8NRPR5OHIIs0n59HKgopubw75usOigaP/w640-h254/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">These
artificial neurons and the connections between them amount to an artificial
neural network. It is modeled and run inside of a computer. It is kind of like
a videogame in the sense that these structures don’t actually exist in the real
world, but are simulated at high fidelity and speed using a computer. This
rather simple network captures some of the important cognitive mechanisms found
in the human brain. The neural network is considered a form a machine learning,
and when it contains more than three hidden layers, it is referred to as deep
learning. Some modern networks have thousands of hidden layers. Now the amazing
thing about these mathematical neurons is that if you connect a large number of
them up in the right way and choose a good learning rule (a method of updating
its weights), it can learn just about any mathematical expression. After the
network is trained on data, it will capture patterns in the data, becoming one
big mathematical function that can be used for things like classification. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In the
next diagram we see a neural network that is being used to classify produce. It
is using object features (like color, size, and texture) in the first layer to
determine the type of produce (orange, apple, or lettuce) in the hidden layer. Then
these are associated with either the fruit or vegetable classification in the
output layer. The boldness of the lines indicates the strength of the weights.
You can see that red, small, and smooth are all connected strongly to cherry.
This means that whenever all three of these are activated by an input pattern,
cherry will be selected in the hidden layer. You can also see that cherry is
more strongly connected to fruit than vegetable in the output layer. So, by
using only an object’s features this system could tell a fruit from a vegetable.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Please
keep in mind that this example is a simplified, “toy” example. However, neural
networks do work hierarchically in this way. At each layer, they take simple
features and allow them to converge on more complex features, culminating in
some kind of conclusion. In the example involving digit recognition above, the
first hidden layer generally recognizes short line segments, and the layers
after it recognize increasingly complex line segments including loops and
curves. Finally, the output layer puts these together to form whole numbers (as
when two loops create the number 8). Again, neural networks go from concrete
features to abstract categories because of the way that the neurons in
low-order layers (to the left) project to neurons in high-order layers (to the
right).<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi98oVhJZ5zfYyhkNcdh4KHhN2gV9EalynPZbDQRfNbV5Iy7rBpngHIvAxWAGTkKk2K6Ksn7SxIHCRjWo9uWf8_b2pgh07BLbwG-56KGmtQTSahBmdNMdavQe4LGoECoV-ZXXamKqfhKJWq/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="624" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi98oVhJZ5zfYyhkNcdh4KHhN2gV9EalynPZbDQRfNbV5Iy7rBpngHIvAxWAGTkKk2K6Ksn7SxIHCRjWo9uWf8_b2pgh07BLbwG-56KGmtQTSahBmdNMdavQe4LGoECoV-ZXXamKqfhKJWq/w640-h370/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">The
next diagram shows that neural networks can take many forms of input and come
up with appropriate output. Let’s start just by looking at the first of the three
networks in the diagram. That top network received a picture of a cat and
recognized it as a cat. To do this it had to take the pixel brightness of each
pixel and turn them into a long list of numbers. There is one input neuron for
each pixel so if there were 2,073,600 (1080 x 1920) pixels then there must be
that many input neurons in the input layer. The numbers (vectors) then flow
mathematically through the network and toward the two output neurons, dog and
cat. Cat ended up with a higher activation level than dog. Thus, the system is
“guessing” the object in the photo is a cat.</span><b style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"> </b><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">But to guess correctly the system must first be trained.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HrZmWkSRTMseT1av0HBnNS-fzespzpergC7g45pWzOC4ZXqvtDJEby-8mY0XwStosMMNwTUT7L1CgZZK406v08Sizno0845269io6TYrppgWAwKdHq1BObSI_fYVevMOSQzCXlPodw1G/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="638" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HrZmWkSRTMseT1av0HBnNS-fzespzpergC7g45pWzOC4ZXqvtDJEby-8mY0XwStosMMNwTUT7L1CgZZK406v08Sizno0845269io6TYrppgWAwKdHq1BObSI_fYVevMOSQzCXlPodw1G/w640-h356/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Now
let’s talk about learning. When the system gives a correct answer, the
connections responsible for its decision are strengthened. When it gives a wrong
answer, the connections are weakened. This is similar to the reward and
punishment that goes on to influence neuroplasticity in the human brain. In the
example above, the network correctly categorized the picture as a cat. After it
did this it was then told by the program it interacts with that it got it right.
So, it then went back and strengthened all the weights responsible for helping
it make that decision. If it had falsely recognized the picture as a dog, then it
would have been told that it that it got it wrong, and it would go back and
weaken all of the weights responsible for helping it make the wrong decision. Going
back and making these adjustments based on the outcome of the guess is known as
backpropagation. Backprop, as it is sometimes called, is one of the fundamental
algorithms responsible for the success of neural networks.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">As you
can see this system requires supervision. This is known as supervised machine
learning. It must be told when it is right and when it is wrong and that necessitates
that its data is prelabeled. To create the training data for this system a
person had to collect and then label thousands of pictures of dogs and cats so
that the AI could be told when it is right and when it is wrong.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Next,
let’s look at the middle network in the diagram above. This is an optical digit
recognizer like the one we saw earlier. This AI system is shown correctly
recognizing the number six. The network is behaving in much the same way as the
cat/dog classifier, except here you can see that it has 10 outputs rather than just
two. This is because it must be able to differentiate between the numbers 0
through 9. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">The last network in the diagram is a natural language
processing system and it works in a way that is very similar to the first two
networks. It is given the first four words in a sentence, “This is my pet…” It
is shown correctly predicting the word “cat” as the most probable next word.
But this system does not only distinguish cats from dogs. This network must
differentiate between all the words in the English language, so it has an input
neuron and an output neuron corresponding to every word in the dictionary.
That’s right, natural language generating AIs like GPT-3 need a dictionary
worth of inputs and a dictionary worth of outputs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">There are around 170,000 words that are currently used in
the English language. However, most people only use around 20,000 to 30,000
words conversationally. Many AI natural language models therefore use around
50,000 of the most common words. This means that there are 50,000 different
possible outputs for the neural network. Each output is built into the
network’s structure and as the activation energy passes from the inputs,
through the hidden layers, and toward the outputs, one of those words will be
more highly activated than any other. That word will be the one the network
chooses.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">The next diagram shows how a natural language processing
network makes its decisions. The neuron for the word “pet” spreads its
activation to all the neurons in the first hidden layer because it is connected
to each one. Again, due to their weights, some neurons value this input more
than others. These then fire at the next hidden layers until they reach the
output layer activating all the neurons there, at least to some extent. One
neuron in the output layer values this pattern of activation more than any
other. The neuron that is activated the most, “cat,” is the one chosen by the
network as being the most likely to follow the word “pet.” This is a helpful
diagram, but it is a huge oversimplification. This is because, when GPT-3
chooses the word “cat” it is not because one word (pet) selected it, it is
because the vectors for many words converged on it together. Remember? We said
that GPT-3 has an attention 2048 tokens wide. That gives you an idea of just
how many inputs are being considered simultaneously to select the next output.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiemicAi87KtIsXLFsmdAcoD19DdwhZcuxHga_aSjcmwcGAo76KcEVDda8NOjTL55VRyjxxSi9pcv2dcotXuJ-m6QlCTs0qF63wOVrXd81YNzsZKIyCxnqRInY4c4zZHUJlUBXD-Wyfwu0S/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="624" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiemicAi87KtIsXLFsmdAcoD19DdwhZcuxHga_aSjcmwcGAo76KcEVDda8NOjTL55VRyjxxSi9pcv2dcotXuJ-m6QlCTs0qF63wOVrXd81YNzsZKIyCxnqRInY4c4zZHUJlUBXD-Wyfwu0S/w640-h384/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Now, let’s put all of this together and consider
what is happening when a natural language processing system like GPT-3 is
undergoing training. Luckily, its training data does not need to be labeled by
a person and its training process does not have to be supervised. Why you ask? Because
the right answer is already there in the text. The trick is, it hides the next
word from itself. As it reads, the next word is hidden from its view. It must
predict what that next word will be. After it guesses, it is allowed to see if
it was right. If it gets it right, it learns. If it gets it wrong, it unlearns.
<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">With the cat and dog classifier, the system would
make a prediction, learn and then start all over again with a new picture.
Natural language generating AIs do not start over with each word. Rather, they
keep reading and using the previous words to update their attention in an
iterative fashion. The diagram below gives an example of this. In the example,
the system uses the context it is holding to guess the first two words accurately
(“is” and “my”) but gets the next two wrong (“pet” and “cat”). When a system
like GPT-3 reads through Wikipedia it is constantly making errors, but because
its attention is so wide, after extensive training it develops a preternatural
ability to make inferences about what word could be coming next. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_aA4jqULh18WR8lwgvI-dzAbyxHCZb0RkS7cXtjYrSVOe18hr9O12nTaIAnW_PSf73Yt6HYk8yKHMDGfpNMqtV2fz9Yp5Tgi5QSrbFVcnQigBFBBHrGrjTWSE5X3u9Ut7ZKIzKJlVbfHL/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="624" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_aA4jqULh18WR8lwgvI-dzAbyxHCZb0RkS7cXtjYrSVOe18hr9O12nTaIAnW_PSf73Yt6HYk8yKHMDGfpNMqtV2fz9Yp5Tgi5QSrbFVcnQigBFBBHrGrjTWSE5X3u9Ut7ZKIzKJlVbfHL/w640-h414/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">So to recap, GPT-3 takes a series of words (starting with
the words you give it as a prompt or with the series that it is currently in the
process of generating) and then fills in the next blank. It gives some
consideration to each word in the dictionary every time it chooses the next
word. To decide which one to use it pushes data input through a mathematical
network of neurons, toward its entire dictionary of outputs. Whichever word
receives the most spreading activation out of all the potential outputs is
assigned the highest probability and is used to fill in the next blank. To
accomplish this using mathematics the words themselves are represented as
vectors (strings of numbers) and these vectors interact with the numerical
structure of the existing network (through matrix multiplication).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Another way to frame this is to point out that GPT is
basically asking, “given the previous words what is the probability
distribution for the next word?” Once it finds that word, it adds it to the
list, and it samples again on that distribution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The diagram above shows how when given the string of words,
“this is my pet…” an AI that had not finished training could come up with a
word like “dog.” The right word was “cat.” So, when GPT-3 gets it wrong it will
learn from its mistake. The mathematical difference between “cat” and “dog” is
calculated and used to update the system. Of course, this is an arbitrary
distinction (and much of what the system learns is arbitrary). There is nothing
wrong with saying “this is my pet dog.” But if this phrase occurred in an
article about cats there might be something wrong with it. GPT-3’s attention is
wide enough to recognize an article about cats the learning might be more
helpful because it would help train the system to group similar words together.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Before training takes place, the system’s outputs are
generated at random because its parameters (synaptic weights) are set to random
values (like most neural networks). But during training inappropriate responses
are compared to correct responses, the error of the response is calculated, and
then this error value is used to alter the model’s parameters so it is more likely
to choose the right word next time. When it does this, it changes the way that
it mathematically represents the word “cat” in its network. For instance, the
words “cat” and “feline” may not be related in its memory at all, but during
training they will come to be more closely related because they are likely to
pop up in the same sentences. Another way of saying this is that the system
will learn to group things that appear close together in time (temporal
contiguity). The way these two words (cat and feline) are encoded in memory as
numbers (vectors of floats) will become more and more similar. This places
semantically related words closer and closer together in a multidimensional web
of definitions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Thus far, we have explained how an NLP system learns to make
predictions about language, but here we are interested in natural language
generation. So how would you get such a system to write its own content? It is
easy, you simply start a sentence for it, or ask it a question. That will fill
its attention with context that it will then use to predict what the next word
should be. It continues on, adding words to the end, generating highly complex,
synthetic speech. A chain of predictions becomes a narrative. By now you should
be able to see why a recent article refers to modern language models as
“stochastic parrots.” They are. They do a fantastic job of mimicking human
language in a pantomime, chaotic, difficult-to-predict way.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">For every word in the English language, there is one word
and only one word that is most likely to follow it (my … name). Some words will
be slightly less likely to follow it (my … cat). Other words may have almost no
probability of following (my … thus). Natural language models from 40 years ago
would predict the next word only from the single word that directly preceded
it. Most of the time they could not formulate a coherent phrase much less a
sentence or paragraph. But as you know, the newer language models look back
much further than just one word. Their attention span maintains whole
paragraphs in memory while constantly adding new words and subtracting the
words that have been there the longest. Like my model of consciousness, they
exhibit a form of working memory that evolves gradually through time. They use,
what I call, “iterative updating” and “incremental change in state-spanning
coactivity.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">But the human working memory doesn’t just track a succession
of words, it tracks a succession of events. Just as there is one most probable
word to follow any series of words, there is one most probable event to follow
a sequence of events. We use our working memory to record events as they happen
to help us decide what to predict next.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">In the next blog entry, we will consider how a system like
GPT-3 could be incorporated into a much larger system of neural networks to
better approximate human working memory by using, not just words, but events as
long-term dependencies. This will allow an AI to make predictions, not just of
the best word to use next, but the best behavior. We will also discuss what
other modular networks would be valuable to such a larger system. For instance,
we would want modules that correspond to video input, mental imagery, and motor
output. GPT-3 can currently interact with other programs, but these programs
are far from being tightly integrated. To create a conscious system, we want multiple
neural networks with different functional specializations to be tightly
interwoven just like they are in our brain. What role would an AI like GPT-3
play in this larger system? It would probably play the role of Broca’s area,
the human brain’s language region. For all the details, please stay tuned for
the next entry.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Also you might want to watch my YouTube video lecture on working memory and consciousness:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="348" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/R2H2Pl0I6EA" width="506" youtube-src-id="R2H2Pl0I6EA"></iframe></div><br /><p></p><p></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-50445590297832846692021-07-01T16:56:00.001-07:002021-08-25T23:46:34.253-07:00Use the Chimpanzee Pant Hoot to Rehabilitate Your Breathing and Voice<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I believe that humans can benefit from
producing a chimpanzee vocalization called the pant hoot. The pant hoot engages
the muscles of respiration, especially the diaphragm, in a way that increases
their strength and resilience. On the website for my self-care system, www.programpeace.com, I have written about how people stifle their voice and their breathing
to show modesty. This creates loads of unnecessary tension in the diaphragm,
which makes breathing shallow and short. The diaphragm is the muscle that
contracts to push air past your vocal cords providing the power behind your
speech. So weakness in this muscle is audible when you speak. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I believe that the immodest pant hoot can do a
great deal to help rehabilitate this tension, the diaphragm, and the voice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The chimpanzee pant hoot is a
well-studied, long-distance call that serves as a ventilating display. It lasts
several seconds (usually 5 to 10) and is used to demonstrate strength and
dominance. Chimpanzees put a lot of effort into their calls necessitating
powerful respiratory muscles and robust vocal cords. Males and females make the
call, but high-ranking males make the loudest and longest calls and make them
more frequently. The higher a chimp’s dominance rank within its party, the more
intensely it pant hoots (Fedurek et al., 2014). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">The ones with the most powerful and agile pant hoots are those that have the most practice. Of course, the ones that have the most practice are the ones that are dominant or have been dominant the longest. They were able to develop skill because they were confident enough to show off.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Several males often use the
pant hoot together to advertise the strength of their party and defend
territory from neighboring groups. It is most commonly used within a single group
though, especially during the presence of high-quality food or females in
estrus. This indicates that it is used during social competition to designate
status and priority over resources. It is also thought to be involved in sexual
selection, signifying high quality to prospective mates. Basically, a spirited,
bellowing pant hoot is sexy.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7zITws6i7Pwnyz5PIikQ8hjxQ49xRRl5CeuECBrJDzTlk-p9FWUkGGcBTl2OFbcVOTYfZ3Q5Guqd_l1p5Tnwn-XLUGEQH-8ThbuJmoG8ZKM3hNmA4w1sQ-N5yT0fzdSJ4C64ucQxKQUJ3/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="714" data-original-width="1000" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7zITws6i7Pwnyz5PIikQ8hjxQ49xRRl5CeuECBrJDzTlk-p9FWUkGGcBTl2OFbcVOTYfZ3Q5Guqd_l1p5Tnwn-XLUGEQH-8ThbuJmoG8ZKM3hNmA4w1sQ-N5yT0fzdSJ4C64ucQxKQUJ3/w640-h456/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The pant hoot consists of a series of
low, breathy “hoo’s” that grow increasingly loud. They often proceed through
four phases: an introductory phase, a build-up, a climax, and a let-down. Here we
are interested in the climax because it provides the most exercise for the
respiratory muscles. When I started imitating the pant hoot, not only was it
difficult to sustain, but it created a deep aching sensation in my chest. It
ached so much that at first, I thought it wasn't healthy for me. After a few
sessions, though I realized that the aching was subsiding, that it was becoming
easier, that I could do it for longer, and that it actually started feeling
good. I believe that it hurt at first because I had been holding a certain
portion of my diaphragm immobile for years.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvAVVZrGkHS336MBZYHwX9GJ7-syxeiQsIyVpxeV7URucvv-NvFuS7WevyOlz3DlCdfR_oFYjWrGf_EjO29yugO-VrMTB7JvLAv-JELtPzyYtoWZ71KZ2N0iahWegkvkRlzp1XOsmpBXO/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1000" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvAVVZrGkHS336MBZYHwX9GJ7-syxeiQsIyVpxeV7URucvv-NvFuS7WevyOlz3DlCdfR_oFYjWrGf_EjO29yugO-VrMTB7JvLAv-JELtPzyYtoWZ71KZ2N0iahWegkvkRlzp1XOsmpBXO/w640-h360/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Social concerns and propriety cause us
to feel awkward yelling and screaming like a chimpanzee. Not only do we not do
it in polite company, but most of us don’t do it at all. Young children engaged
in sports or games are often highly vocal and can be heard making rough and
rugged calls for hours at a time. The most dominant children are the most
vocal, and the least dominant children are the least vocal. This extends into
adulthood and we all learn to become more and more modest with our voices. As
we get older, the self-suppression of the vocal and respiratory muscles keeps
us from exhibiting exuberance with our voices. Sadly, this even extends to our
breathing. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most experts now know that shallow
breathing, where the diaphragm is used minimally, plays a prominent role in
anxiety and depression. As might be expected, studies have shown that the more
traumatized a mammal is, the less mobility its diaphragm exhibits and the
shallower its breaths. Even mice and rats that have been exposed to stress have
immobile, tense diaphragms. Chronic tension in a muscle leads to chronic pain
and this is why producing the pant hoot hurt me when I started. Coughing,
laughing, hiccupping, and deep breathing all engage and stimulate the
diaphragm. The pant hoot though is probably the most strenuous way to
rehabilitate your diaphragm. Used gradually and carefully, it may also be the
most efficacious. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH5KuRjQje9GD7mcDil3P-bHDIHq42nlll-qWZGoppjL9gmKOtSEkFcT7nflM8JaV-ZMcSHjgwXFa1vuDZAXaLNSNM9EOsM3jdkBC25Qi3XnTHr5ECJwKYSGN489BZoL_JT1t4Yq5v4e5D/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH5KuRjQje9GD7mcDil3P-bHDIHq42nlll-qWZGoppjL9gmKOtSEkFcT7nflM8JaV-ZMcSHjgwXFa1vuDZAXaLNSNM9EOsM3jdkBC25Qi3XnTHr5ECJwKYSGN489BZoL_JT1t4Yq5v4e5D/w640-h640/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I believe that the pant hoot simulates
impulsive, impetuous, devil-may-care yelling that all but the most dominant of
apes have spent their lives inhibiting. I also think that dominant chimpanzees
use the call to prove to others that they have spent most of their lives
socially relaxed. They are putting their lungs on display and showing others
that they can use their voice to lash out violently and unhesitatingly if need
be. It shows that they do not have a history of victimization but rather a
history of victories. You want this for yourself, and you can get it within a
few months by practicing the pant hoot. Because it is probably not something
you would feel comfortable doing in public, do it at home, in a closet, or in
your car where you don’t have to worry about others hearing you. If you
practice it enough, it will help you speak more commandingly and assertively.
It will also desensitize your vocal apparatus to abrupt eruptions of loud
speech, making you more charismatic, confident, and less likely to be
interrupted by others. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1mjg3rRisIc8HMBqc_5gcb4K_V11RbvWIj3QbMTVd8hMhAQy7q3ed14fFmjgyRuQiz9sh0auPBkRkIIVO_07Uc5T5C5cNb5tBApfUqF24gfzZHc7JfJ67vpRF8KZVdhBj3t0O7S_hn_4S/" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="1280" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1mjg3rRisIc8HMBqc_5gcb4K_V11RbvWIj3QbMTVd8hMhAQy7q3ed14fFmjgyRuQiz9sh0auPBkRkIIVO_07Uc5T5C5cNb5tBApfUqF24gfzZHc7JfJ67vpRF8KZVdhBj3t0O7S_hn_4S/w640-h320/image.png" width="640" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The pant hoot was popularized on the
Arsenio Hall talk show in the 1990s. There it was used in a collegial,
energetic way to show support for the host or his guests. The crowd would often
swing their arms above their head and hoot resolutely and rowdily. The way it
is done on the show is an excellent example of how I would like you to do it in
the exercise below. The exercise also partly overlaps with a yoga technique
called kapalbhati breathing. Exposing yourself to information about that
technique will help you better recruit your diaphragm with each hoot.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The pant hoot is a power play that
most of us are usually too self-conscious to use. Most of us are afraid to use
the diaphragm in that way. Our lack of exercising it has created a disuse
injury. Insufficient skill in coordinating the transition between rapid
inhalations and exhalations is a manifestation of trauma. Building better
coordination over the switch between breaths may make you a less hesitant, more
confident breather. Chimpanzees perform their pant hoots daily. I want to
encourage you to use it daily. Before trying it yourself, listen to a chimp
perform it in the pant hoot compilation video I created </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">This video is coming later this week.</span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The exercise here (Program Peace
Exercise 11.16) will ask you to hoot using a series of deep yells that take
place while rapidly switching between inhalations and exhalations. Each cycle
should last between a half and a quarter of a second. You will find that
hooting is very strenuous at first yet becomes facile over just a few days.
This may seem like another eccentric exercise, but remember, Program Peace is all
about finding weakness in the body and rehabilitating it to find new strength,
primarily when this strength is associated with dominance in closely related
animals.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<h3 style="line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 3;"><a name="_Toc59032038"><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">Breathing Exercise # 11.16: P</span></a><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">ant Hooting<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 467.5pt;" valign="top" width="623">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Practice breathing in and out at very short
intervals while vocalizing loudly. Alternate between inhalation and
exhalation around two to five times per second. Do it rhythmically and with
control. You should be able to see and feel your abdomen contract with each
pant. This indicates that you are using the diaphragm to power the exhalations.
During each exhalation, yell “hoo” very loudly and deeply. You should be
imitating the chimpanzee pant hoot that you listened to in the online video
above. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Time yourself using your phone’s stopwatch.
At first, try to reach 30 seconds of intense hooting. Over several weeks you
should be able to do it for more than a minute. Once you reach proficiency,
you can try doing what the chimps do and vocalize, not just on the
exhalations but also on the inhalations. This is much more tiring because it
creates more resistance against the breath.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As you do this, you will notice that your
breathing will falter every few times you switch. Your timing will be off
because you don’t have fine enough control over the transitions between
inhalations and exhalations. This kind of poor respiratory coordination may
be a contributor to autonomic dysregulation. Use this exercise to iron
through these irregularities and unbrace and strengthen the muscles
involved. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After a minute of pant hooting intensely,
your chest and voice will feel agitated. It may even start to burn. However,
if you concentrate on letting the muscles go limp afterward and practicing
deep breathing, they will relax like never before. You will feel calmer and
notice that your voice is more substantial and deeper for up to a day. The
first few days may be irritating, but this will pass. The more you use paced diaphragmatic
breathing guided by a breath metronome (before and after the exercise) the
less irritated you will feel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<td style="background: black; border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 467.5pt;" valign="top" width="623">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Duration: One minute. Proficiency: Four</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> sessions a week fo</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">r 24
weeks. Maintenance: Four times</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> per month.
Five stars.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br />I believe that both humans and chimps add tension to the aspect of
the diaphragm responsible for the pant hoot. They do this as part of a
submissive display that self-handicaps the bark and roar, which are both generated
with force produced by the diaphragm. This is why only the most dominant chimps
are capable of performing an optimal pant hoot. You will know that your pant
hoot is optimal when you can do it vigorously for an entire 60 seconds without
any sore or achy feeling in your chest. Now, a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">fter
pant hooting I feel endorphins and a tremendous sense of relief.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGhTQoL72S0JKh-NY0-VTKRfQWkdIBYHX1_ksvMer6LXM0VWYWm1si0jrxdT3UZ8x9WcMAEu8PSHamPXNqaT_gJLLlCSQgb1zMEjO0TwgNDPyaG6qmAEW0XYKmSuSt2csmRgObkAOXBk1q/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="590" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGhTQoL72S0JKh-NY0-VTKRfQWkdIBYHX1_ksvMer6LXM0VWYWm1si0jrxdT3UZ8x9WcMAEu8PSHamPXNqaT_gJLLlCSQgb1zMEjO0TwgNDPyaG6qmAEW0XYKmSuSt2csmRgObkAOXBk1q/w640-h428/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">People are not just going to give you respect. For you to earn
their respect you have to prove to them that you are capable of speaking forcefully
and nimbly. This exercise will help you coordinate the activity of breathing
and vocalizing in a convincingly powerful way. Even if you have a long history
of repressing your vocal power this exercise will help you produce rapid, brisk,
and spontaneous contractions of the diaphragm. People will be able to hear the stability
and vitality of your diaphragm as you speak. I believe that it helped me become
a better communicator and a better public speaker. I think it is worth
mentioning that my ex-girlfriend liked it when I practiced the pant hoot and
she showed me that it gave her goosebumps which I could see and feel on her
skin.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVFHHYL78CQB5WS_MlSNNMKOdC4-ELCNCmHzWMxKggiON-cj3PayoJNE-zf9yZsNqPTPLAxuW3tCXQiF0TjgLuBdnwC3ZSPj3ZNqBvrH39XxNwhkaDoN-HO4gseMO9Ex3KW9xiGw8H2adj/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="776" height="580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVFHHYL78CQB5WS_MlSNNMKOdC4-ELCNCmHzWMxKggiON-cj3PayoJNE-zf9yZsNqPTPLAxuW3tCXQiF0TjgLuBdnwC3ZSPj3ZNqBvrH39XxNwhkaDoN-HO4gseMO9Ex3KW9xiGw8H2adj/w640-h580/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The exercise above will drive an unused aspect of your diaphragm
into full fatigue, allowing it to recover from the tension you have imposed on
it for years. Unnecessary tension in the diaphragm may be the root cause of
fear, neuroticism, and submissiveness. Pant hooting loudly and joyfully will
optimize this function of your diaphragm making it agile and powerful. I firmly
believe that after just a handful of sessions, you will realize that the pant
hoot achieves a diaphragmatic detox, reaching into and purging the nucleus of
your anxiety.</span><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF2beJIg-r9ehfIYXtO9VhCkRMLv1dEgXnCW90F18xrMMbf3eg6KtuGul7eCkOD4IswnskDeV1FyDjejvQevhfDfkdluvFw6fLXVphFK_1BSA32S2vDoB-pYAweLr-G8RYPoZvQwGFHQ2X/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="600" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF2beJIg-r9ehfIYXtO9VhCkRMLv1dEgXnCW90F18xrMMbf3eg6KtuGul7eCkOD4IswnskDeV1FyDjejvQevhfDfkdluvFw6fLXVphFK_1BSA32S2vDoB-pYAweLr-G8RYPoZvQwGFHQ2X/w640-h428/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a name="_Hlk75793227"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fedurek
P, Donnellan E, Slocombe KE. 2014. Social and ecological correlates of
long-distance pant hoot calls in male chimpanzees. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.
68(8): 1345-1355.<o:p></o:p></span></a></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-10346744081756883592021-06-21T16:51:00.031-07:002022-02-22T03:41:06.712-08:00Amsco Marvel World Playset: Description, Pictures, Scans, and Video<p></p><p class="MsoNormal">As a long-time comic book reader I wanted to post an entry about the Marvel
World Adventure Playset. It debuted in 1975 during the Bronze Age of comic books and was
created by Amsco, the toy division of board game maker Milton Bradley. The
playset depicts five of the major buildings from Marvel Comics. These include Doctor
Strange’s Sanctum Sanctorum, The Fantastic Four’s Baxter Building and plane,
Peter Parker’s home, the Daily Bugle, and the Avengers Mansion. It is made of
die-cut, heavyweight cardboard. Every piece of cardboard has color graphics
printed on both sides. Click on any of the pictures below for a larger version.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8nEOYlsKrb1egyr3zZd-E34tD05oH6BzjGsQyP25nm-8rTXqoKoDkOOXz56frBVwvIUVtlipqKZ1D6zuaoqz-HmWzQReL94zNWwZMnomVe3Zfnqv6xjTg7AQfEX64LyjYeEA1tX_eqvOu/s2048/AnyConv.com__lf.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1352" data-original-width="2048" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8nEOYlsKrb1egyr3zZd-E34tD05oH6BzjGsQyP25nm-8rTXqoKoDkOOXz56frBVwvIUVtlipqKZ1D6zuaoqz-HmWzQReL94zNWwZMnomVe3Zfnqv6xjTg7AQfEX64LyjYeEA1tX_eqvOu/w640-h422/AnyConv.com__lf.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal">Here is the front of the set with the characters:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3CCDYkXlpKObXCYl4Z3j48Bdjt2-9UeuLCuu63JcT0awRnhKgVct6xEGvzH4PLi0QWqs0FnsY0sEERHBfdr3uOSx7w078RDSBmQ4mHdE1pOheqelRWlwixu4Jk-pq5ITkgOrSSJ6-rMFo/s2048/IMG_5008.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1576" data-original-width="2048" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3CCDYkXlpKObXCYl4Z3j48Bdjt2-9UeuLCuu63JcT0awRnhKgVct6xEGvzH4PLi0QWqs0FnsY0sEERHBfdr3uOSx7w078RDSBmQ4mHdE1pOheqelRWlwixu4Jk-pq5ITkgOrSSJ6-rMFo/w640-h492/IMG_5008.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">And here is the back:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-PWJE9zoASQuL7zQj-3vIwfm9fpzWoqSxTuF0ilJ6Lnfx8wXstDlIgZXBheMMCRG00rL5nkaaPvG4UNXeilBSaVLfYRi0uhnmtoBq3tDfolPgk4pvZEOhCn2nxxYZYMb4equHnsm7D4BX/s2048/IMG_4994.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-PWJE9zoASQuL7zQj-3vIwfm9fpzWoqSxTuF0ilJ6Lnfx8wXstDlIgZXBheMMCRG00rL5nkaaPvG4UNXeilBSaVLfYRi0uhnmtoBq3tDfolPgk4pvZEOhCn2nxxYZYMb4equHnsm7D4BX/w640-h480/IMG_4994.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>Before you continue reading you might want to watch the video below that I uploaded to youtube about the set. That video covers much of what is discussed here. It also shows the set in 360 degrees. </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SO9hswAS3NA" width="320" youtube-src-id="SO9hswAS3NA"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the comics all these buildings are located in New York
City. And in this set, they are all found on the same block. However, there is a minor inaccuracy here because Peter Parker and his Aunt May traditionally live
Queens and the other buildings are in Manhattan. But this certainly doesn’t detract from
the charm. Other than that, the buildings and characters are highly comic accurate which was rather rare for merchandise at the time. It sold for $6.95. And, if you ordered it by mail, there was an 89 cent postage and handling fee. It was marketed to ages “five and up.” Me? Uh… I believe I’m over five.</p><p class="MsoNormal">And talking about immaturity, excuse me but I got a kick out of placing this cityscape in the context of a downtown skyline. This picture was taken from the roof of a 20 story apartment building (Promenade Towers) just north of downtown LA.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkPBkh9q6fy-kTMS09hD3NrBsYfgdnkx6RxBGA5h6RKgrik9-AFCAG52dmpnv8_SG1iM3tMW2NULq9HvrkYWELhYkwYHM3eCe1A1vwi9BA-iJQ-lako5W91ft8QqpQ4EqgjK20O7qypSMx/s1987/IMG_5059.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1124" data-original-width="1987" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkPBkh9q6fy-kTMS09hD3NrBsYfgdnkx6RxBGA5h6RKgrik9-AFCAG52dmpnv8_SG1iM3tMW2NULq9HvrkYWELhYkwYHM3eCe1A1vwi9BA-iJQ-lako5W91ft8QqpQ4EqgjK20O7qypSMx/w640-h362/IMG_5059.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgiWHiDZGR2Uol0DhmW8ZFyYlhdGcIhUjsBi3mJgrZS35ZbMMotFXzzBhxKG6GJV2s16HuoAqrIYwzrNCtKiUlXnzm9OcAvKGvx_9bPJPw-7vCqu_CgeloGXH9q2gOb-dT9qa0Z4-8raolRZkIMeqFas-oS2HK-rHTFXPvdRciLGO-3L8U9BeFEvq7TWw=s1561" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="831" data-original-width="1561" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgiWHiDZGR2Uol0DhmW8ZFyYlhdGcIhUjsBi3mJgrZS35ZbMMotFXzzBhxKG6GJV2s16HuoAqrIYwzrNCtKiUlXnzm9OcAvKGvx_9bPJPw-7vCqu_CgeloGXH9q2gOb-dT9qa0Z4-8raolRZkIMeqFas-oS2HK-rHTFXPvdRciLGO-3L8U9BeFEvq7TWw=w640-h340" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal">The set comes with 34 cardboard figurines that fit into small
plastic stands. Each is between 2 and 3 inches tall. The set I bought did not come with all of the figurines and included no stands, so I used a scan provided to me by the seller to print the characters onto heavy cardstock. I left a flap at the bottom of each cutout and used double sided tape to attach each flap to a quarter. A quarter seemed to be a good size and weight. It worked pretty well, and if you print your characters from the scans below you might try doing the same.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1VZ9l7kMvyAsxzBIm0ce3Z9ZotYcgzrk7q4V3JFVbj7IocQNLjWoaTIIlIgoZaIu47Eo9u1Mnm_aP8W0hRbu2efwM_nZ3ZqJkuZUJ9DTL-688OSWPNKGUSoyZ9OLlYWeEAQxOhe1vDd13/s1988/IMG_5089.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1124" data-original-width="1988" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1VZ9l7kMvyAsxzBIm0ce3Z9ZotYcgzrk7q4V3JFVbj7IocQNLjWoaTIIlIgoZaIu47Eo9u1Mnm_aP8W0hRbu2efwM_nZ3ZqJkuZUJ9DTL-688OSWPNKGUSoyZ9OLlYWeEAQxOhe1vDd13/w640-h362/IMG_5089.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal">Here are the contents of the box after they have been punched out, but before they have been put together. I wiped them down with a dry cloth before putting them together. <o:p></o:p>Assembling the buildings takes at least 20 minutes and I had fun doing it. I cannot imagine a five year old bending the corners and making all of the panels fit properly, but maybe they made five-year-olds differently in the 70s. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWW7b3lHx7_rOymcOuPhXZ0i5n4hZxzizITFEHysAL4hBckibJ7Cr35XutGRSm1RGthmUNVfhfxKEx5RzPRovgYRQpq2-Nd84V5Rl6gL6akdBOSJ6NXvqNQ0Ho2main2Yn7vcZY88O1aLu/s1984/IMG_5061.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1120" data-original-width="1984" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWW7b3lHx7_rOymcOuPhXZ0i5n4hZxzizITFEHysAL4hBckibJ7Cr35XutGRSm1RGthmUNVfhfxKEx5RzPRovgYRQpq2-Nd84V5Rl6gL6akdBOSJ6NXvqNQ0Ho2main2Yn7vcZY88O1aLu/w640-h362/IMG_5061.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Here I am using the assembly instructions to find out how to mount the buildings onto the base (which was the bottom of the box).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisiW9j0o0iQgj73Z7umAGyBMlNovwicgJJqzHxD5wSReC9_l9jJzS6defpG3XjljMy2AYI6_dqUFOmVIbHQzYQV_a0V3pv1VC5HiVTLsDf1vuDgHRb8cPSFJqVX28ScXgBJZFXJRELKrCP/s1988/IMG_5062.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1124" data-original-width="1988" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisiW9j0o0iQgj73Z7umAGyBMlNovwicgJJqzHxD5wSReC9_l9jJzS6defpG3XjljMy2AYI6_dqUFOmVIbHQzYQV_a0V3pv1VC5HiVTLsDf1vuDgHRb8cPSFJqVX28ScXgBJZFXJRELKrCP/w640-h362/IMG_5062.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Here is a close up of the base.<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVjCdGGxhU8ol9ssXiSYYgD1esejAUZ7jdDdiutOp8Q1nBIi_oYpt67p9dJ3zKjhtq6zdvCdFM2UQ6DLBMDxPlOwzfDNWHd4f5wym5dYuj_0d1N4L5q8DEXUjX-3ckjLoGF-oxkD-xE_i2/s1400/xcx.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="951" data-original-width="1400" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVjCdGGxhU8ol9ssXiSYYgD1esejAUZ7jdDdiutOp8Q1nBIi_oYpt67p9dJ3zKjhtq6zdvCdFM2UQ6DLBMDxPlOwzfDNWHd4f5wym5dYuj_0d1N4L5q8DEXUjX-3ckjLoGF-oxkD-xE_i2/w640-h434/xcx.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Here are the assembly instructions. Full scans of the set and the instructions can be found closer to the bottom of this post.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSVusCGDh2jzUJ_rNC1z_c76aaem8q6C8wcAkw4tdbk8GfUx_uHEmcET-2j57bC7lZIPoH0Tp9JBpM8VlIgXFxmw9tdVtiGChkEvQXhL1BwxagXKibWniEGM4kOI8c783XaSSZAmMoBdnh/s1280/Assembly+Instructions.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSVusCGDh2jzUJ_rNC1z_c76aaem8q6C8wcAkw4tdbk8GfUx_uHEmcET-2j57bC7lZIPoH0Tp9JBpM8VlIgXFxmw9tdVtiGChkEvQXhL1BwxagXKibWniEGM4kOI8c783XaSSZAmMoBdnh/w640-h360/Assembly+Instructions.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">And here it is fully assembled. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6BUrKQQ80DQOVBdm9p3NJ3tt2p2Zyoc8xIy11xJkjTbJikyDoOa7CQMLngAdJLA3Cbyw6hamGo5yblVYqX_9ym_8vVbCSbjJ5rY7GUvPE89ERqodwiThmW08CZ0U6vRzrITR0Zy9tBg5U/s1977/IMG_5064.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1124" data-original-width="1977" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6BUrKQQ80DQOVBdm9p3NJ3tt2p2Zyoc8xIy11xJkjTbJikyDoOa7CQMLngAdJLA3Cbyw6hamGo5yblVYqX_9ym_8vVbCSbjJ5rY7GUvPE89ERqodwiThmW08CZ0U6vRzrITR0Zy9tBg5U/w640-h364/IMG_5064.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Marvel World is a very detailed and colorful set with fantastic art.
The consensus on the web is that the characters were probably drawn or inked by either John
Romita Sr. or Sal Buscema (or a combination of the two). Often the artist who
draws in pencil is different from the artist who inks the work, and this may be
the reason why it is very difficult to discern. Romita and Buscema were very
popular Marvel artist in the 70s. Online commenters suggest that the
buildings were inked comic-style by Marvel artist Dave Hunt. Sections of the artwork seem to be inspired by some of the other early greats. For example, Reed Richard’s
lab has some outlandish equipment that is styled after Steve Kirby drawings, and the Sanctum contains mystic art that channels Steve Ditko’s work. It definitely has the look and feel of 1970s Marvel.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL2Iwn2r1q36XYwsfM7I92metBR0WohJ5HnldphQGuNuPjhrkDlV6qR0RDMTlTlvebOidaTsFhprfa7_oCur4nIG1e3_k5uumHIdAQUHobwBfgTssUh-Yzt-SEVRLPZafAjyXcH8pIY0VW/s945/Sal+Buscema.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="688" data-original-width="945" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL2Iwn2r1q36XYwsfM7I92metBR0WohJ5HnldphQGuNuPjhrkDlV6qR0RDMTlTlvebOidaTsFhprfa7_oCur4nIG1e3_k5uumHIdAQUHobwBfgTssUh-Yzt-SEVRLPZafAjyXcH8pIY0VW/w640-h466/Sal+Buscema.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div>Here are some closeups of the characters. Who do you think the artist was?</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOJY98sP_jPVphLpMj21KKFd6vVzZ9leDiVqVjIHiKm-s5CSSvBdyIVNl124Symp3FNGfufQuVhW6ZJETs17H0RayHo0n3VPpNMEVuKS3XJuXHnN64WgHmfqgofZyYtqVfBMNPGVHjgDsi/s1280/Character+Comparison+Amsco+Marvel+World.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="1280" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOJY98sP_jPVphLpMj21KKFd6vVzZ9leDiVqVjIHiKm-s5CSSvBdyIVNl124Symp3FNGfufQuVhW6ZJETs17H0RayHo0n3VPpNMEVuKS3XJuXHnN64WgHmfqgofZyYtqVfBMNPGVHjgDsi/w640-h256/Character+Comparison+Amsco+Marvel+World.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The set itself is quite rare, and there is not much about
it online. Sometimes it is referred to as the “holy grail” of Marvel toy
collecting and it is arguably the mother to dozens of other subsequent playsets. Searching online I only found low-res pictures and no video footage. I created this post and the video above to address this. I got the set pictured here in
the mail recently from a great guy named Steve in San Francisco whose auction I
won on eBay. I set an automatic search notification for the set many months prior and this was the first one I was alerted about. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg67btirzvGjeYh-KGod95Az3VlSTEkIyP83L0gVQlls8ZLLXW0OroiNoJpSXEjtwzSU5kAbApKdkaXcDMcwDGJhOCNIvGdhA1jJoKjfVh7tfRYhbMsD8mZsceaF3N-KUZgXGYJ_KK7KHII/s2048/IMG_4933.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg67btirzvGjeYh-KGod95Az3VlSTEkIyP83L0gVQlls8ZLLXW0OroiNoJpSXEjtwzSU5kAbApKdkaXcDMcwDGJhOCNIvGdhA1jJoKjfVh7tfRYhbMsD8mZsceaF3N-KUZgXGYJ_KK7KHII/w640-h480/IMG_4933.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">I wish I had a complete and
undamaged set to show you. Unfortunately, this set is missing a few characters
and has a bit of damage. However, I was able to print out the missing characters and fix
most of the tears. I carefully pulled off the pieces of old tape and applied glue to
broken sections. The set was also missing two roof panels, so I scanned the opposite
(symmetric) side, flipped it digitally, printed it, cut it out, and pasted it
to the set.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmhC3aOKnOJtY68cE1lvgonQWf3KOkFHxwXIdDJhgoJI0PNxrX_QxC1C4u6_HrOC7BegPHXCGRV5Fxsful7RT76MR_r7j171b_Y3AfYi_OpfDjC2HlTyq2usYDuMfpGuO8EGGJCBc2Yo5U/s2048/IMG_4981.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmhC3aOKnOJtY68cE1lvgonQWf3KOkFHxwXIdDJhgoJI0PNxrX_QxC1C4u6_HrOC7BegPHXCGRV5Fxsful7RT76MR_r7j171b_Y3AfYi_OpfDjC2HlTyq2usYDuMfpGuO8EGGJCBc2Yo5U/w640-h480/IMG_4981.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The detail is exacting. Take Peter Parker and Aunt May’s Victorian house for instance. It is highly decorated with classical entablature, egg-and-dart molding, an ocular window, a skylight, a basement, a mechanical door bell, and a window sill flower planter. I believe this is supposed to be their home in Forest Hills in Queens
New York. The address on the front says #220, and this is similar to the
address in the comics, 20 Ingram Street. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvD667CwQI7Fp8NB37J7YNHB2xf5owyS0sk0WhGG8UBGkgbFfwRjjYR9f0uddqyS6PEiGs34fWM6tJ7SrNP6kP3fyBuH6pIkmdlxHE8SyDf_mCU3yzpW79MByzMVbD3aPwa7-4rQcuMwes/s1615/zzzxc.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1615" data-original-width="1284" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvD667CwQI7Fp8NB37J7YNHB2xf5owyS0sk0WhGG8UBGkgbFfwRjjYR9f0uddqyS6PEiGs34fWM6tJ7SrNP6kP3fyBuH6pIkmdlxHE8SyDf_mCU3yzpW79MByzMVbD3aPwa7-4rQcuMwes/w508-h640/zzzxc.jpg" width="508" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">The first floor appears to be Aunt
May’s living room. It is a cozy and welcoming space. It features a writing desk, with a stool, rotary telephone and mirror. There is a blazing fireplace with a candelabra, a clock, and a porcelain dish on the mantle. Above the mantle is a detailed painting of a man leading a cow to a classical temple in
front of a mountain. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4uepndjr8opoixcHJzkKwt9RiLJsuH5D2kQW7vyxN_p2ZNWx-e_G3kw9XSwVWQWd7QG00MU7cG9tu-CsAFQKft2vjV8Wplm5OIks5xqlL19AyDfrJIF3Jyc47QOXMFMVe6eIJNLylu3pE/s2048/IMG_5027.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4uepndjr8opoixcHJzkKwt9RiLJsuH5D2kQW7vyxN_p2ZNWx-e_G3kw9XSwVWQWd7QG00MU7cG9tu-CsAFQKft2vjV8Wplm5OIks5xqlL19AyDfrJIF3Jyc47QOXMFMVe6eIJNLylu3pE/w640-h480/IMG_5027.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Here is a closeup of the painting over Aunt May's fireplace.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCYBHV_PvOxRf6fhMc_GH7urpsQWT_rZM6TJcW1RIh_fEDuC3Zxn4KNr3YBqVRZ8e50q82nb-TMNa-kQztXj7KIwaSoDb1HQgNL7ayW7oWIQRjlnrE7C4TppewdmX6Lcn4e4F7gwHjlhtC/s2436/Marvel+World+Playset++%252811%2529.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="2436" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCYBHV_PvOxRf6fhMc_GH7urpsQWT_rZM6TJcW1RIh_fEDuC3Zxn4KNr3YBqVRZ8e50q82nb-TMNa-kQztXj7KIwaSoDb1HQgNL7ayW7oWIQRjlnrE7C4TppewdmX6Lcn4e4F7gwHjlhtC/w640-h296/Marvel+World+Playset++%252811%2529.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The second floor is Peter’s room complete with the chemistry equipment he uses to make his webbing fluid. The dresser to the left (not seen) features a photo of his Aunt and his girlfriend Mary Jane. You can also see a trophy, a football, a shelf lined with books, a lab coat, a record player, and headphones. Clues to his secret identity as Spiderman can be seen in the double locks on the door. You can also see that somehow, despite his full time job, student, boyfriend, and superhero status, he had the time to make his bed this morning.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPXRQXNYtcSxiRKzUFoD6KNGc7vDz6AkFMZP3mQwHy_dAQ7bWc5DzncM4kACpCBOFTKwIPBoTBmWwgLZ3l7Bq3OkNNhQ-sYCmyNYOcBecQquawRZ_CtSoGV6BPJe3Hgz8cVlYVJSVSTUmA/s2048/IMG_5025.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPXRQXNYtcSxiRKzUFoD6KNGc7vDz6AkFMZP3mQwHy_dAQ7bWc5DzncM4kACpCBOFTKwIPBoTBmWwgLZ3l7Bq3OkNNhQ-sYCmyNYOcBecQquawRZ_CtSoGV6BPJe3Hgz8cVlYVJSVSTUmA/w640-h480/IMG_5025.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Sanctum Sanctorum is a three-story Victorian-style
brownstone townhouse (just as in the comics). It is in the French Baroque style replete with fancy masonry and a Mansard roof. It contains the expected skylight known as the Window of Worlds containing the seal of the Vishanti, under which lies his inner sanctum. The yellow flashes of light behind the windows imply that there is magic going on inside. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgqLWtz5BwcwrZW4SW30uhbDU3u2yM5rBwoKwgxQvWlKOdRjWHuKMRtsbcOzaKhytroOnccZhdJHkHY_0UGOeyqDKJtnaXskCGb2sRrkOR3ejYfj7tcVmLoVJhdqY8c2gd_KWKmJdU_qyq/s1403/zzzzz.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1403" data-original-width="1171" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgqLWtz5BwcwrZW4SW30uhbDU3u2yM5rBwoKwgxQvWlKOdRjWHuKMRtsbcOzaKhytroOnccZhdJHkHY_0UGOeyqDKJtnaXskCGb2sRrkOR3ejYfj7tcVmLoVJhdqY8c2gd_KWKmJdU_qyq/w534-h640/zzzzz.jpg" width="534" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">If you remove the Sanctum Sanctorum you can see the entire wall of the Avengers Mansion. It has cosmic art on it which is intended to be seen when the front door of the Sanctum is opened.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdQhdECM_0nabYcf1-iLv0YWudEQmK9g0guj_FUPbL1Mn4Twg_SvRvvlzP6GXOWdTaOAxsbvM8zrsl7atrc46iG0wLt1y-5vJgrnVTIyNLkwcycP5Ry3w05dN2cH1amQREUeAtDhFUvqvl/s789/xcvcx.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="789" height="516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdQhdECM_0nabYcf1-iLv0YWudEQmK9g0guj_FUPbL1Mn4Twg_SvRvvlzP6GXOWdTaOAxsbvM8zrsl7atrc46iG0wLt1y-5vJgrnVTIyNLkwcycP5Ry3w05dN2cH1amQREUeAtDhFUvqvl/w640-h516/xcvcx.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">...this is that view from the front door.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYwiiZem5Ul5BttKHB8We_vWF_n6WLt_my7SxiEb8L2-2T2mxYLJ8QNWWWCYdbVz2yMV0dfTDaGC9v95fOqagoGmrJMO8A9JAWNac_K7t1w3R9gUfNJa-DrXAUam0msjZmIw3sM_KHQHl9/s2048/IMG_5108.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYwiiZem5Ul5BttKHB8We_vWF_n6WLt_my7SxiEb8L2-2T2mxYLJ8QNWWWCYdbVz2yMV0dfTDaGC9v95fOqagoGmrJMO8A9JAWNac_K7t1w3R9gUfNJa-DrXAUam0msjZmIw3sM_KHQHl9/w640-h480/IMG_5108.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0RO8yudsb6vCGC8SCmM1TD9_9uitTg7t2E4Kozoq1ePx9_sP64jAakAs3CVHltzO45MiWKlMJo6aT1dk7_1LBuoluuttltG6g30hMHM5tyE-M0Ht-0UL5OsiPvps2TbeToTia-vqcWwmX/s1991/IMG_5119.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1124" data-original-width="1991" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0RO8yudsb6vCGC8SCmM1TD9_9uitTg7t2E4Kozoq1ePx9_sP64jAakAs3CVHltzO45MiWKlMJo6aT1dk7_1LBuoluuttltG6g30hMHM5tyE-M0Ht-0UL5OsiPvps2TbeToTia-vqcWwmX/w640-h362/IMG_5119.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Also visible from the door of the Sanctum is this otherworldly scene on back of the garage door to Avengers Mansion.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGvpetcTIM3S5Smvtiv2oAZQD6nHRwRlZalryO3s1v69r8lU5OE6XbH1-CWhAQiNrCn3Zmb3lBDxFTuKNVevHmf1o6sMfjHJwDxtyjD-p-P2jREIYUhQW_6ZGUAlSpkdPjJ3Tv9HFUsDd/s536/xx.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="491" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGvpetcTIM3S5Smvtiv2oAZQD6nHRwRlZalryO3s1v69r8lU5OE6XbH1-CWhAQiNrCn3Zmb3lBDxFTuKNVevHmf1o6sMfjHJwDxtyjD-p-P2jREIYUhQW_6ZGUAlSpkdPjJ3Tv9HFUsDd/w586-h640/xx.jpg" width="586" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">And this psychedelic strip of the cosmos.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM56zr3XeRQlJ7nEacUBmFX5Jjv40AqdQmN-tJM44SAYYGJquH0MLQ1gaovngr2uCywrS-LHUtEdkInGO5Tp3lJwrr4qBBPf3gtDSydN7hSiJ5ueWdyHMxeCR64Ib5dpx5g4IaXvzw0oR1/s1055/xxxxx.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="1055" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM56zr3XeRQlJ7nEacUBmFX5Jjv40AqdQmN-tJM44SAYYGJquH0MLQ1gaovngr2uCywrS-LHUtEdkInGO5Tp3lJwrr4qBBPf3gtDSydN7hSiJ5ueWdyHMxeCR64Ib5dpx5g4IaXvzw0oR1/w640-h132/xxxxx.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal">The set has a few interactive features that are enticing for imaginary play. Namely an elevator, a trap door, and a break away wall. The elevator is found in the Baxter building and it can hold characters. </p><o:p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhepgOdZTT73IEBxCPuFfTY2rugPMvgGWlqzW-wVl035TMGocUGZWC-lpyMUDdj6yba-wIyMsgnDxkaBaPdXVllqdzRXnM5bjf0KuINNUR_EbnSft4zpoE5gUPwkBxScrbX5vIE1BMUzY_j/s2048/IMG_5020.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhepgOdZTT73IEBxCPuFfTY2rugPMvgGWlqzW-wVl035TMGocUGZWC-lpyMUDdj6yba-wIyMsgnDxkaBaPdXVllqdzRXnM5bjf0KuINNUR_EbnSft4zpoE5gUPwkBxScrbX5vIE1BMUzY_j/w640-h480/IMG_5020.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">On the right you can see the front door to the Baxter Building. Because it is the back side of the elevator it opens when the elevator goes up and closes when the elevator goes down.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY3RVEfhr590X6DJ58bfn1l8H5Iwi05DBZV7PZuKG14jC4B_omC17h92LMGDYqegSJiDZyPKPbsINeL-Pdg7mAlKKpYBQO6mEqUGIxjhmXTECcGfPT7w9OjeyWgTQXPlrNvx4Bc9NxlO7V/s2048/IMG_5102.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY3RVEfhr590X6DJ58bfn1l8H5Iwi05DBZV7PZuKG14jC4B_omC17h92LMGDYqegSJiDZyPKPbsINeL-Pdg7mAlKKpYBQO6mEqUGIxjhmXTECcGfPT7w9OjeyWgTQXPlrNvx4Bc9NxlO7V/w640-h480/IMG_5102.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The Avengers Mansion (I like to think of it as Avenger's H.Q.) has a garage door that can open and close to reveal the interior. Above that door and attached to it, is a trap door that characters can fall through. </span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiesQsIZAY-4jhlS6lRirNHDCfqeLJItPb1wV0e8xK0f9THzHyC0LJar-XgOV7Xd1y3vfqzO9JXWTzItTbwEnLAPN0sFQNX0patp6Y0nr0o34p7QDZZL5vrc_ZDViDbaIiIGyNorbuECCPp/s2048/IMG_5017.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiesQsIZAY-4jhlS6lRirNHDCfqeLJItPb1wV0e8xK0f9THzHyC0LJar-XgOV7Xd1y3vfqzO9JXWTzItTbwEnLAPN0sFQNX0patp6Y0nr0o34p7QDZZL5vrc_ZDViDbaIiIGyNorbuECCPp/w640-h480/IMG_5017.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMB-vNCzaBLjHwODFMOqfaaWyLmNc4zLYtr-n4S_jDJoeC-EtZWw2N4s3M9-qquyMDOqAd_GmrEqvV2aMSbCqk-WnHjA2x1I3SpQr-h7hnvCiVST9vmD-i-ELxxinH2qw8R_ZtDOjGM2dD/s2048/IMG_5018.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMB-vNCzaBLjHwODFMOqfaaWyLmNc4zLYtr-n4S_jDJoeC-EtZWw2N4s3M9-qquyMDOqAd_GmrEqvV2aMSbCqk-WnHjA2x1I3SpQr-h7hnvCiVST9vmD-i-ELxxinH2qw8R_ZtDOjGM2dD/w640-h480/IMG_5018.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Avengers Mansion (called Avenger's Townhouse on the box) is the least developed of the five buildings. There is little indication that the brick building behind the Sanctum Santorum indeed belongs to the Avengers. When you open the garage door there is more machinery very similar to that in Mr. Fantastic's lab. This machinery is opening a three dimensional portal to the negative zone. We know it is the negative zone because it is advertised on the box and the multi-layered effect is pretty cool. Within that portal to the negative zone you can see planets, a nebula, a comet, and an asteroid. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0CdwlvmT_4h0xdXDSOAVOJHtOH-DAL0nggSKYFh-Ave5Xg1p9C4Zsb4zAmD3iPWFUcTxi0wFFHoVkt_FhzWfDTxD4BLuFz2FtXXBz9tEL3TPB7PuRv02ND6ZNOS3cBMrwFsAQRSvRsr9M/s2048/IMG_5050.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0CdwlvmT_4h0xdXDSOAVOJHtOH-DAL0nggSKYFh-Ave5Xg1p9C4Zsb4zAmD3iPWFUcTxi0wFFHoVkt_FhzWfDTxD4BLuFz2FtXXBz9tEL3TPB7PuRv02ND6ZNOS3cBMrwFsAQRSvRsr9M/w640-h480/IMG_5050.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">You can even see the inside of the Sanctum Sanctorum if you push your cell phone camera inside that portal cut out to the negative zone. You can see a burning caldron on one side and a crystal ball (possibly the Orb or Agamotto) on a pedestal on the other. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKGP1TXUqCYQ9PqGiDPEKLV3yJF_yb9GujfOOeFDk6vchmPPE5QRTq7vMkMXheUvi3oSUooFrtiJsqMALiAQDf6IWQe0NPI0BL0_6ubmTZbwf7Hxo9VSNrABFuiHhUJT5zG5nsKtxWpQHb/s2048/IMG_5057.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKGP1TXUqCYQ9PqGiDPEKLV3yJF_yb9GujfOOeFDk6vchmPPE5QRTq7vMkMXheUvi3oSUooFrtiJsqMALiAQDf6IWQe0NPI0BL0_6ubmTZbwf7Hxo9VSNrABFuiHhUJT5zG5nsKtxWpQHb/w640-h480/IMG_5057.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivej2oyon-IAq8Y_6WvREF443T4B84wUmOvVdG0QNeBAlf_DLUMRr60VX5ktwi7jXfUYtVoQmoBRC1zPlEQYm4CWXfbzUO8E90BirpXS_YW_VTcpwmGpGCmZkE0XjsNp0ZqaYnfZP1ekqw/s2048/IMG_5058.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivej2oyon-IAq8Y_6WvREF443T4B84wUmOvVdG0QNeBAlf_DLUMRr60VX5ktwi7jXfUYtVoQmoBRC1zPlEQYm4CWXfbzUO8E90BirpXS_YW_VTcpwmGpGCmZkE0XjsNp0ZqaYnfZP1ekqw/w640-h480/IMG_5058.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Here is the view of the reverse side of the Sanctum when that piece is removed and straightened. Of course, much of this view is not visible when the set is fully assembled.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfBHhu_jKepGD9IcUhOACCGW3912mS8lql_obZsU8nsdpGhop3HpGvAajym7XnZ-BHdBwPimYLcABc4V0ZgrmRA8lyE4Hkxj9CIaxx8BYSivE729YrOiQlnmnwCQc4X0ztONHo4OJK9gjx/s532/xxx.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="532" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfBHhu_jKepGD9IcUhOACCGW3912mS8lql_obZsU8nsdpGhop3HpGvAajym7XnZ-BHdBwPimYLcABc4V0ZgrmRA8lyE4Hkxj9CIaxx8BYSivE729YrOiQlnmnwCQc4X0ztONHo4OJK9gjx/w640-h504/xxx.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">On the side of the Daily Bugle there is a hinged door cut to look like bricks which appears broken when swung open.</span><span style="text-align: left;"> Not including this brick cut-out-door or the trap door, there are four other hinging doors on the set and four open windows.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcd5enqEq-lSldcJsOegslGDvHHw1ZNMnR51zZ7I3Ws3jYVi7y6SZNB-pFHRti0Uv4Xl-zS32ntyECLjLxZByEcjphZwN6AlO3g2eFaqtCrZIgW-EZ0wsFbJqG_HIgYpSqJBPkFm_t3VN5/s2048/IMG_5016.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcd5enqEq-lSldcJsOegslGDvHHw1ZNMnR51zZ7I3Ws3jYVi7y6SZNB-pFHRti0Uv4Xl-zS32ntyECLjLxZByEcjphZwN6AlO3g2eFaqtCrZIgW-EZ0wsFbJqG_HIgYpSqJBPkFm_t3VN5/w640-h480/IMG_5016.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The Fantastic Four's airplane is also included. The promotional material calls this the Air Car, so it is not their more popular, multiple-passenger Fantastic Car or the Pogo Plane. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikz-33M2HNSzGde30opbf-wVmu7_KE2WeTl145_C8HhDqGoDXAKaqcMLJwhMFjondWriUIDT3-sWwWlRcn4ZKS4u1bKjeAqPosNkmrFPdT470RXaP8iH9nZkYOVCzrikT74GC-CB1nYLCD/s2048/IMG_5049.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikz-33M2HNSzGde30opbf-wVmu7_KE2WeTl145_C8HhDqGoDXAKaqcMLJwhMFjondWriUIDT3-sWwWlRcn4ZKS4u1bKjeAqPosNkmrFPdT470RXaP8iH9nZkYOVCzrikT74GC-CB1nYLCD/w640-h480/IMG_5049.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This is the top floor of the Daily Bugle, J Jonah Jameson's office. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsV_1JM9-PJNjedL8aRWeW22TV9zlSkn99UoDarJQJZ6JwaqsjEiEiw3CEMJ10hlJ6cwEqBIhHJVUdQVivWaHVWRWAolH_W-JK2R3eWQlX8qBzIqGnecLhrF0jA9TiyStN0_dVmiAW4s63/s2048/IMG_5036.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsV_1JM9-PJNjedL8aRWeW22TV9zlSkn99UoDarJQJZ6JwaqsjEiEiw3CEMJ10hlJ6cwEqBIhHJVUdQVivWaHVWRWAolH_W-JK2R3eWQlX8qBzIqGnecLhrF0jA9TiyStN0_dVmiAW4s63/w640-h480/IMG_5036.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Gotta love that Spiderman dartboard on the wall.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBX0XXZfLvjNUNiKAUzK3or8vJjFi5I6_bE4sN-rCCx84izsDj9-1408oc1Ed4ilmq7klGLItKO1Vxg3FiMor7s6MKJAV3iESFVf7o10j3HUMAOIps3iJdiM1G57Q2lT3Cl0uLa6X6nKU6/s2048/IMG_5037.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBX0XXZfLvjNUNiKAUzK3or8vJjFi5I6_bE4sN-rCCx84izsDj9-1408oc1Ed4ilmq7klGLItKO1Vxg3FiMor7s6MKJAV3iESFVf7o10j3HUMAOIps3iJdiM1G57Q2lT3Cl0uLa6X6nKU6/w640-h480/IMG_5037.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Here is the disheveled bottom floor of the Daily Bugle with an unmade bed, an unkept drawer, pin up swimsuit model, bookcase, mail slot, broken mirror and elevator.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQcgU_0uRAmyDW4c7kr3GjK2_WrqAC8POpxztbTX9xxWYfN3eOhlCm_vtBaz-Rct24Yn2fM8FUmElVCj_3ABep_kziC6t_34wWNV96n3fwrLvIJHPe27EJA7yg4tjzIRvslG9-3vU-YI10/s2048/IMG_5038.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQcgU_0uRAmyDW4c7kr3GjK2_WrqAC8POpxztbTX9xxWYfN3eOhlCm_vtBaz-Rct24Yn2fM8FUmElVCj_3ABep_kziC6t_34wWNV96n3fwrLvIJHPe27EJA7yg4tjzIRvslG9-3vU-YI10/w640-h480/IMG_5038.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKWJrNlgkz3Wo7Ii5y3Ab4Sft0gzj6COWW0cC0QRrEznYPtwwAeoe_jfiUM2HFebGSghQWwYc5AwbwGPSpDAQJWdcfR4rsxfe0ObRZ1CjyMveqoEZXHnYa9VHhKWMRDDQ8deGUjK-wwVhu/s2048/IMG_5039.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKWJrNlgkz3Wo7Ii5y3Ab4Sft0gzj6COWW0cC0QRrEznYPtwwAeoe_jfiUM2HFebGSghQWwYc5AwbwGPSpDAQJWdcfR4rsxfe0ObRZ1CjyMveqoEZXHnYa9VHhKWMRDDQ8deGUjK-wwVhu/w640-h480/IMG_5039.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This is the bottom floor of the Baxter Building. It seems to be some kind of entrance area or elevator lobby. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBsksGW8fsYq9Bd15qD-qxjMdos3aI3F0ipLvP_ZUPD6oj4jY8_MmpCy_atlQnEI_6LnYKKk5DXDg3SnIchkqUk1dtZxMNlRElnKC6PDNMfdt8jndbUBI9O-kPVw_gNqZQ27K0FH-XNaEr/s2048/IMG_5041.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBsksGW8fsYq9Bd15qD-qxjMdos3aI3F0ipLvP_ZUPD6oj4jY8_MmpCy_atlQnEI_6LnYKKk5DXDg3SnIchkqUk1dtZxMNlRElnKC6PDNMfdt8jndbUBI9O-kPVw_gNqZQ27K0FH-XNaEr/w640-h480/IMG_5041.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This seems to be the workout room in the Baxter Building with weights, rings, a meeting table and a computer.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglAKX3rfliFJT1nuYttVFMKf8yRtU8Mx-pqUxF7bHz8kicg5dsVtMsHc2tjPZPs0c6ANSR4ZsK1DqSpO9wAxRdjOWbd1DbDeRJjzPRjOY039ccSOwHGM6yFr_NsYqciYGWmkGdpzlo6-aJ/s2048/IMG_5042.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglAKX3rfliFJT1nuYttVFMKf8yRtU8Mx-pqUxF7bHz8kicg5dsVtMsHc2tjPZPs0c6ANSR4ZsK1DqSpO9wAxRdjOWbd1DbDeRJjzPRjOY039ccSOwHGM6yFr_NsYqciYGWmkGdpzlo6-aJ/w640-h480/IMG_5042.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">And the third and final floor of the Baxter Building is clearly Mr. Fantastic's laboratory. It definitely has that Jack Kirby feel to it.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHcmYWefXPeQXjVpmCWE_l9qGDRqNsJOhfTFRdxQ04vPvqogDOrHxK3y_W_tX9SUUrkM9wf8VWLRtFUKm5YAFehcW2IQDd29BdP9gk5SEX5W37-CGYY2BVMDmRPBA8lIkuQeoQ92Ec_JbA/s2048/IMG_5043.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHcmYWefXPeQXjVpmCWE_l9qGDRqNsJOhfTFRdxQ04vPvqogDOrHxK3y_W_tX9SUUrkM9wf8VWLRtFUKm5YAFehcW2IQDd29BdP9gk5SEX5W37-CGYY2BVMDmRPBA8lIkuQeoQ92Ec_JbA/w640-h480/IMG_5043.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So 1975. This was a world after Star Trek (1966) but before
Star Wars (1977). Marvel had been named “Marvel” since 1961 and thus had only
existed for 13 years. The same goes for Spiderman and Iron Man who were both
created in 1961. The X-Men had been around for 11 years but most of their
iconic characters had yet to be introduced in Giant Size X-Men # 1 (later than same year in 1975). This is why
there are no X-Men in the Marvel World figurine lineup. They just hadn’t become popular
enough yet. The characters in the set were Marvel’s major players at the time.
And remember in 1975 these characters took a backseat to DC comic’s stable of
more popular characters.<o:p></o:p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2FwOC4gBuwdVh7byN0zI-QpTLco6cOJl-pzK73ICctLpqfYAwlWZaUpLjNJ9ZKNNi_T-Q1ekAwefNEbA8nI5sBZIPOX3eUQLCAERQhieq_4t7EPk4mnS3x06tJcWPBNdvbYJYZtiwntRW/s2048/IMG_4992.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2FwOC4gBuwdVh7byN0zI-QpTLco6cOJl-pzK73ICctLpqfYAwlWZaUpLjNJ9ZKNNi_T-Q1ekAwefNEbA8nI5sBZIPOX3eUQLCAERQhieq_4t7EPk4mnS3x06tJcWPBNdvbYJYZtiwntRW/w640-h480/IMG_4992.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I was born a few years after this came out, but I had never heard of it until two years ago. I believe that it is very much overlooked as there is currently very little about it online, but if awareness increases these sets may increase significantly in value. Consider the fact that the set contains Loki, Falcon, Vision, and Scarlett Witch, the currently most popular MCU Marvel characters. In other words, the set comes up every several months on eBay or other auction websites and it might be a worthwhile investment.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzzpw9u62sxqrhw_c3VklfFBkZnMNZslgFgiouV5MnwgmclGYakgQqmx5hiR_rGvj_kZI6VXXo3MWPABzaSJjmYfNo7w4wC9hX7NY9F1deCiEt8OBtv5Qp7pz49dtbeUe797CYuwAygofC/s1997/Marvel+World+Playset++%25285%2529.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1123" data-original-width="1997" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzzpw9u62sxqrhw_c3VklfFBkZnMNZslgFgiouV5MnwgmclGYakgQqmx5hiR_rGvj_kZI6VXXo3MWPABzaSJjmYfNo7w4wC9hX7NY9F1deCiEt8OBtv5Qp7pz49dtbeUe797CYuwAygofC/w640-h360/Marvel+World+Playset++%25285%2529.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">The set includes the following heroes: Spider-Man, Captain America,
Iron Man, Thor, Hulk, Vision, Scarlet Witch, Hawkeye, Falcon, Red Wing, Dr.
Strange, Daredevil, Luke Cage, Shang Chi, Thing, Invisible Woman, Mr.
Fantastic, Human Torch, Silver Surfer, Sub-Mariner, Captain Marvel, Valkyrie,
Sif, J. Jonah Jameson, Mary Jane Watson, and Aunt May. It also includes the villains
Galactus, Dr. Doom, Kraven, Dr. Octopus, Loki, The Red Skull, The Lizard, and
The Green Goblin. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI70iFkuHjNjKIrfyALr_l91dzxrds5uwrqYqaZDKLM6jdQYCVs3U8-RvvpLSPligaw_U6b5MpgdkBlIYEAcaeNwwkJwFqbggaTyOaMRO4j604uh6iMcVwu8dU5eTVfpu7eL_zrm4__k6_/s2048/IMG_5013.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI70iFkuHjNjKIrfyALr_l91dzxrds5uwrqYqaZDKLM6jdQYCVs3U8-RvvpLSPligaw_U6b5MpgdkBlIYEAcaeNwwkJwFqbggaTyOaMRO4j604uh6iMcVwu8dU5eTVfpu7eL_zrm4__k6_/w640-h480/IMG_5013.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some of the figurines have their alter egos on the reverse
side. This seems to be the case for those that had secret identities at the time. Opposite Spiderman was Peter Parker. Captain America had Steve Rogers, Iron man
had Tony Stark, Thor had Donald Blake, Hulk had Bruce Banner, Green Goblin had Norman Osborn, Captain Marvel had Mar-vell, and curiously Sif had Jane Foster (who is actually a totally different character).</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_EpixalQsHSkEUcRgOmGB5U9zijL3E3XJbQPWnzwD1Q2b2zgNc-bXXrGvR6DHsbFJNhJbvWPgZzt1e_7iUWTgLufejmRJWksHoV-029fYehjditCdus6f1W65tg1UbWgALfbJHb1EU8X/s2048/IMG_5010.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_EpixalQsHSkEUcRgOmGB5U9zijL3E3XJbQPWnzwD1Q2b2zgNc-bXXrGvR6DHsbFJNhJbvWPgZzt1e_7iUWTgLufejmRJWksHoV-029fYehjditCdus6f1W65tg1UbWgALfbJHb1EU8X/w640-h480/IMG_5010.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The figurines are not all to scale. For instance, Captain Marvel is larger than the Hulk and Galactus, which is
absurd. When I reprinted the characters I resized 10 of the them so that they
were closer to their appropriate proportions. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Amsco had at least 5 other similar cardboard (Amsco calls it fiberboard) playsets with different
themes that were popular in the 70s. Some of them were pretty cool, and worth
checking out:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
Planet of the Apes<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvZihlcfAGL5FLwJcjiGAJECtHBNvGDJWTJKGAxON5MOJpFuG8rRJubE9vh1ctXZ-5KRbBV-TByjWHgDz3wNeRY4xTo-2myIwEwHoCbPSheyB7aNz7I_Ocvr1H2sEpXUBtZ-Wo4p5jCaRl/s1600/zzaplanet.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1065" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvZihlcfAGL5FLwJcjiGAJECtHBNvGDJWTJKGAxON5MOJpFuG8rRJubE9vh1ctXZ-5KRbBV-TByjWHgDz3wNeRY4xTo-2myIwEwHoCbPSheyB7aNz7I_Ocvr1H2sEpXUBtZ-Wo4p5jCaRl/w640-h426/zzaplanet.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br />
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Space: 1999 <o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnpX2APpVYOfYHfn44RfkJKnqr7l1b7jRPs6OIZP9I1GfnXjp6yO6ur9kpbose43fAdDT5IUfcpWFPlmR5NzWt8YvqiaaJerLFjQCj9zQBov6cP2O95qXCZQmaKB3YnAbc_yP7Y9Q6SJ84/s586/space-1999---adventure-playset---moon-alpha-base-p-image-236205-grande.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="586" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnpX2APpVYOfYHfn44RfkJKnqr7l1b7jRPs6OIZP9I1GfnXjp6yO6ur9kpbose43fAdDT5IUfcpWFPlmR5NzWt8YvqiaaJerLFjQCj9zQBov6cP2O95qXCZQmaKB3YnAbc_yP7Y9Q6SJ84/w640-h426/space-1999---adventure-playset---moon-alpha-base-p-image-236205-grande.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Waltons <o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUOUh0RUT89ZSUe6BVL8kKsRsZqu4VGCoGq3Q3g4NS2nylAW44qf0X5RsTaW-jptpXeBD_b0nK8OIoQ4lRrow5ibsdaS85BOX6fwpve8LbQEzjZVcvYCyfTJfN4A88kDurpVNxSpbA3GpR/s1020/zzwalton.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="1020" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUOUh0RUT89ZSUe6BVL8kKsRsZqu4VGCoGq3Q3g4NS2nylAW44qf0X5RsTaW-jptpXeBD_b0nK8OIoQ4lRrow5ibsdaS85BOX6fwpve8LbQEzjZVcvYCyfTJfN4A88kDurpVNxSpbA3GpR/w640-h442/zzwalton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Pioneer Village <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHkglxw2Hwng_oXBF8zFzZ1ubMWBAxyPK3JCoMOehUsXsxp30pWVZIxNxUCFD1H79eKNSzlTfHJQ12EndKuyWXq96Mo1ENDdVMPN-lIff8-uv-TdeWhV6jTryQfE9zkUz14gJ9jAatLvAp/s296/zzzpioneer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="296" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHkglxw2Hwng_oXBF8zFzZ1ubMWBAxyPK3JCoMOehUsXsxp30pWVZIxNxUCFD1H79eKNSzlTfHJQ12EndKuyWXq96Mo1ENDdVMPN-lIff8-uv-TdeWhV6jTryQfE9zkUz14gJ9jAatLvAp/w640-h508/zzzpioneer.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>Roy Rogers Magic Play Around</o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQtTjx8r9aSGvJur-Ou5pajGuzrwJV36KYagzp_pGvuJRJRYKuKKtum6Yja8RegrmRGWp10L0P8-38HUYUQoO_DNexuhJ-EGGiqp4jW8jrApUdKPTJxmMx80szrajsGZgOv9YM7li2qu09/s640/H2796-L119901852.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQtTjx8r9aSGvJur-Ou5pajGuzrwJV36KYagzp_pGvuJRJRYKuKKtum6Yja8RegrmRGWp10L0P8-38HUYUQoO_DNexuhJ-EGGiqp4jW8jrApUdKPTJxmMx80szrajsGZgOv9YM7li2qu09/w640-h480/H2796-L119901852.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><o:p><br /></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So again, Amsco was the toy division of Milton Bradley.
Milton Bradley was an American board game manufacturer established by a Mr.
Milton Bradley in Springfield Massachusetts in 1860. So it makes sense that
Milton Bradley would use the die cutting facilities that they used to make
board games to make cardboard playsets like these. Milton Bradley was bought out by Hasbro toys in 1984 ending 124 years of family ownership. Hasbro then
purchased Milton Bradley’s archrival, Parker Brothers in 1991. Hasbro still has
a working contract with Marvel Comics and they are responsible for the
successful Marvel Legends line of action figures which can be found at just
about every Target and Walmart in the US.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjyzK7p8G9WtEz1jnbpEJAEX2NFiz5BOpTuh9kWptegne-PKdhDUjL9yp8VRvUZQWZTGyRPVRUbEHeHR-rcQKbcbceY8WVEn6PJzh6DHy2EkKY3FZHHnkI3iqIYl6pILee4VvcJowbqK-/s1991/Marvel+World+Playset++%25282%2529.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1991" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjyzK7p8G9WtEz1jnbpEJAEX2NFiz5BOpTuh9kWptegne-PKdhDUjL9yp8VRvUZQWZTGyRPVRUbEHeHR-rcQKbcbceY8WVEn6PJzh6DHy2EkKY3FZHHnkI3iqIYl6pILee4VvcJowbqK-/w640-h362/Marvel+World+Playset++%25282%2529.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Marvel World was probably inspired by “The Amazing Spiderman Playset” from Ideal which came out in 1973. It contained plastic backgrounds and carboard Spiderman characters on stands.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicZOXlVA6vJiVQVtEwFrP4cq80N5WzdZcWcbcTKwJag1nMKgriII4f8T1FzflVvRvwZSBYDAe1_7PG3HMXaCJ40LPAlQRgxoAaFUCzQv33gc6Y0EhWnmxfLo5P9m8X-M5-KSoJSrXgTqWM/s2048/IMG_5055.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicZOXlVA6vJiVQVtEwFrP4cq80N5WzdZcWcbcTKwJag1nMKgriII4f8T1FzflVvRvwZSBYDAe1_7PG3HMXaCJ40LPAlQRgxoAaFUCzQv33gc6Y0EhWnmxfLo5P9m8X-M5-KSoJSrXgTqWM/w640-h480/IMG_5055.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-SuupRM7bHGhUolW-COOtiuCizzbSp05eEwwSQX4q0Kz-Q8NWBErIZ0xORK-oKpFUvLSi6aWuJWdre6veXh5Gx_3oYi6OY6mD2u2UPetir6Bhyphenhyphen10FGxvfKtCVVzcH8Mi7u3OS1_JIbzfh/s2048/IMG_5052.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-SuupRM7bHGhUolW-COOtiuCizzbSp05eEwwSQX4q0Kz-Q8NWBErIZ0xORK-oKpFUvLSi6aWuJWdre6veXh5Gx_3oYi6OY6mD2u2UPetir6Bhyphenhyphen10FGxvfKtCVVzcH8Mi7u3OS1_JIbzfh/w640-h480/IMG_5052.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpwPdyipuXUdTj7j1DwNmdGwpMenMr8U4pGK18c1dayGqJP3Jc6IAWMKrTliuNS_onl9Wt2utdy5pF2s1KAqwjZxsMZgHv-gj0_4DxZ_9iOPGqlMK7_Vaqv91DTCOCdAArAbAihduco8eS/s2048/IMG_5053.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpwPdyipuXUdTj7j1DwNmdGwpMenMr8U4pGK18c1dayGqJP3Jc6IAWMKrTliuNS_onl9Wt2utdy5pF2s1KAqwjZxsMZgHv-gj0_4DxZ_9iOPGqlMK7_Vaqv91DTCOCdAArAbAihduco8eS/w640-h480/IMG_5053.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Among the playsets inspired by Marvel World there were also a few other similar cardboard sets that are
worth mentioning. These include “Spiderman American Bricks” from Playskool in 1977.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6hO0STXjpmCidi19H1F-ACrVJ5-rsd1NkI7aon2l4sRyTWwhjSv5CmooAGuGWswZf6ptiCEaojyj98xEhGWcmLVopoGJPiznMhTJrZV9tjKwkqLZ-4LNd6Zt2Dz2echckpEP3a0Pb4cfW/s1021/vtg-1977-playskool-spiderman-american_1_5f2021e79d6df48bc2e28e8ad2bbb28c.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="1021" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6hO0STXjpmCidi19H1F-ACrVJ5-rsd1NkI7aon2l4sRyTWwhjSv5CmooAGuGWswZf6ptiCEaojyj98xEhGWcmLVopoGJPiznMhTJrZV9tjKwkqLZ-4LNd6Zt2Dz2echckpEP3a0Pb4cfW/w640-h408/vtg-1977-playskool-spiderman-american_1_5f2021e79d6df48bc2e28e8ad2bbb28c.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">There were also the "Marvel Super Heroes" and "Spiderman Adventure
Set" from Colorforms in 1983. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMICLJMcuhG0LUfQ-n0C-pMTVRhs8o52dCBZZbtS779UZxnXDrbt0kimobd9GKcfl8B0MQB48RX-bbnoazLB7oUOb-n5pyifnPYsbtAR8ksHluKJ6qZiZpMIH7pPQsaJzdWL_4xoBfQTH4/s1047/maxresdefault.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="1047" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMICLJMcuhG0LUfQ-n0C-pMTVRhs8o52dCBZZbtS779UZxnXDrbt0kimobd9GKcfl8B0MQB48RX-bbnoazLB7oUOb-n5pyifnPYsbtAR8ksHluKJ6qZiZpMIH7pPQsaJzdWL_4xoBfQTH4/w640-h428/maxresdefault.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">The 1980 board game “Superhero Strategy” from
Milton Bradley actually contains several of the same minifigures from Marvel
World. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikHauZUYGWH1PXAoHYiZsrNXE9IzctyMMcMFSsq8Q_vW3pH5FT4Jl8f7omP7m_GCg3cgROhyphenhyphenV3I6QwgkVO8GHJ8EDcyXd28YGVK0-PZ9kFZQW5Ur1hIcgMyDjwF2FjeJCJqcgpgGZPct6/s1000/pic2020888.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="1000" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikHauZUYGWH1PXAoHYiZsrNXE9IzctyMMcMFSsq8Q_vW3pH5FT4Jl8f7omP7m_GCg3cgROhyphenhyphenV3I6QwgkVO8GHJ8EDcyXd28YGVK0-PZ9kFZQW5Ur1hIcgMyDjwF2FjeJCJqcgpgGZPct6/w640-h402/pic2020888.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In fact, the plastic stands from these board game figures fit perfectly with the Marvel World characters. Also, the game contains an additional figure, the Mandarin, who is not included in Marvel World. ...But you can always add him to your set if you want to.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4-rd0RAJcvhW74Jn_8U-UPhl9uEJUOqeCuKSiPaTMhUqY78dIlGX3MdhyiXYnC36l9ec3j9Aodjb0irIUFE-6jkDaYskSCfh1eieg4utrzQDFlKvfNSox3OAHa6Vg1UCNgwMCD_bMap4x/s2048/IMG_5046.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4-rd0RAJcvhW74Jn_8U-UPhl9uEJUOqeCuKSiPaTMhUqY78dIlGX3MdhyiXYnC36l9ec3j9Aodjb0irIUFE-6jkDaYskSCfh1eieg4utrzQDFlKvfNSox3OAHa6Vg1UCNgwMCD_bMap4x/w640-h480/IMG_5046.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The Marvel Mini Car City Playset from 1979 also has a few pieces that you could use to complement your Amsco Marvel World. It has two buildings, a second Daily Bugle and a red brick building that looks like Aunt May's house but has a different address number on the front. It also has cardboard cutouts of the Leader and the Puppet Master that match the Amsco figures in size, style, and shape.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXzot6dfUF5c7E6nyv3CUuKMRbI_VUEEUZfeylCuu50dVJ5nNg2CHMO3HpqGDzbcAZQhDLegycAJz1eakoaAk0-oS7U5k4atXY3o9xIpy8ezx-86KSg0u1oFGzl94y5juFkR5tgWi_iyc5PiRUC_33Fj_W5Zh4Xej872LWFjZiOeRiWw7JqfH7YqPMZw=s4032" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXzot6dfUF5c7E6nyv3CUuKMRbI_VUEEUZfeylCuu50dVJ5nNg2CHMO3HpqGDzbcAZQhDLegycAJz1eakoaAk0-oS7U5k4atXY3o9xIpy8ezx-86KSg0u1oFGzl94y5juFkR5tgWi_iyc5PiRUC_33Fj_W5Zh4Xej872LWFjZiOeRiWw7JqfH7YqPMZw=w640-h480" width="640" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXzot6dfUF5c7E6nyv3CUuKMRbI_VUEEUZfeylCuu50dVJ5nNg2CHMO3HpqGDzbcAZQhDLegycAJz1eakoaAk0-oS7U5k4atXY3o9xIpy8ezx-86KSg0u1oFGzl94y5juFkR5tgWi_iyc5PiRUC_33Fj_W5Zh4Xej872LWFjZiOeRiWw7JqfH7YqPMZw=s4032" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi5Ss2w2iqn5UUccVC_tv4TrH30VEJu3AKLEFDNf-WIPecwFI--OVpTxuvcq7-hg4K_wrGxtQ62ihij91wmwEUicYrF89Zcqfw97vrwWDmRZDXnoW4ibYsRsEUzAc57aoHpdimPbdHe_19a0TGgKcj5OK20RaV324MUTlLC7x9UZeMUYp4fJo4FBQvzFw=s4032" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi5Ss2w2iqn5UUccVC_tv4TrH30VEJu3AKLEFDNf-WIPecwFI--OVpTxuvcq7-hg4K_wrGxtQ62ihij91wmwEUicYrF89Zcqfw97vrwWDmRZDXnoW4ibYsRsEUzAc57aoHpdimPbdHe_19a0TGgKcj5OK20RaV324MUTlLC7x9UZeMUYp4fJo4FBQvzFw=w640-h480" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ee;"><u><br /></u></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgYaWOVz_3F4yZrHCgJnyS80CBOLHBzFlanIHuItX4-wwVQPuoyO7YdLcJKVQcAy2qIKpVcU7Bk8oVSkTqy9F8XtYZO2gdXbdUkMgHJKl6emm5pXxwmnYbwCGroBstqKZqrWGTLhW-b8xhYfXW9LPrrwFfG2hosNDH8rkXjRHBZqwyJve_0xeHgWnGAyg=s4032" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgYaWOVz_3F4yZrHCgJnyS80CBOLHBzFlanIHuItX4-wwVQPuoyO7YdLcJKVQcAy2qIKpVcU7Bk8oVSkTqy9F8XtYZO2gdXbdUkMgHJKl6emm5pXxwmnYbwCGroBstqKZqrWGTLhW-b8xhYfXW9LPrrwFfG2hosNDH8rkXjRHBZqwyJve_0xeHgWnGAyg=w640-h480" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">Also, Mini Car City has this beautiful city scape backdrop that matches the Amsco playset's look, colors, and feel. I have mine set up next to each other.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhZkYznQwxYYpJGFtctlSUpWH_a4SsZZ1htDQk7OUctSBlU8awSz0jlWHae--ZQOOBcfKgvbepkM1axFYxm-KvVU6ZjRRmptdIGJdVR-pDhUxReiz3VTkdHL0DkqjwIbGKsetnZuOAe9tseYhb9H7yGpUf3ixcBm2CrFwp7l-sCrTTsWg7AItQ5bysAQw=s4032" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhZkYznQwxYYpJGFtctlSUpWH_a4SsZZ1htDQk7OUctSBlU8awSz0jlWHae--ZQOOBcfKgvbepkM1axFYxm-KvVU6ZjRRmptdIGJdVR-pDhUxReiz3VTkdHL0DkqjwIbGKsetnZuOAe9tseYhb9H7yGpUf3ixcBm2CrFwp7l-sCrTTsWg7AItQ5bysAQw=w640-h480" width="640" /></a></div></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Here is an advertisement for Marvel World that ran in the
pages of old 70s comics.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioFoXX6n0DBODhZ461kviw2EmI5g49-FJT9-HP5NPB9QKNhLbsbnR_q_2mBMdKQ87euukGdjI7OLHMPTJA8kmOFQeZnfZ_RBrnRn82w_KQqDO4ZUQG4wPMS3d0iwbcw17fhCDGwPuy5hEK/s958/mw+02+heroes+world+marvel+world+ad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="958" data-original-width="636" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioFoXX6n0DBODhZ461kviw2EmI5g49-FJT9-HP5NPB9QKNhLbsbnR_q_2mBMdKQ87euukGdjI7OLHMPTJA8kmOFQeZnfZ_RBrnRn82w_KQqDO4ZUQG4wPMS3d0iwbcw17fhCDGwPuy5hEK/w424-h640/mw+02+heroes+world+marvel+world+ad.jpg" width="424" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Here is the 1975 Amsco catalog and its description of the Marvel
World Playset.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPEbGFBICfMCaapLtqOuhAaNtNujifzZ8bv4MeG-odMsA25GAcbRtkzxsTZ9LIqbCn7hM9LqvL0QQnv92-424gLwMohGjBRl-gIY6sM0I_XgZpQchCgWAWLaqp75Gc_wWF_Q69IvMPSw9Y/s1280/Amsco+Catalog.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPEbGFBICfMCaapLtqOuhAaNtNujifzZ8bv4MeG-odMsA25GAcbRtkzxsTZ9LIqbCn7hM9LqvL0QQnv92-424gLwMohGjBRl-gIY6sM0I_XgZpQchCgWAWLaqp75Gc_wWF_Q69IvMPSw9Y/w640-h360/Amsco+Catalog.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">Here are some pictures of my first shot at recreating the playset from scans. The building and spaceship below were printed on heavy cardstock. I folded them after scoring the edges with a razor. Below that, you can see it in miniature. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKascKjHitALHMvsycdZ9M5GAIe0RYYRzIdD330czOFwXJiHNyyTeRQK0phj886WdRIZtB0fNzi2JdfCw6sAuVUuerVBt9MN-DMjrRsCnRFV-Rmjannh1MzgT-SwUm0M3nGi9jBqvUssk/s2048/IMG_5184.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKascKjHitALHMvsycdZ9M5GAIe0RYYRzIdD330czOFwXJiHNyyTeRQK0phj886WdRIZtB0fNzi2JdfCw6sAuVUuerVBt9MN-DMjrRsCnRFV-Rmjannh1MzgT-SwUm0M3nGi9jBqvUssk/w640-h480/IMG_5184.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoGB57Eprarm80_qFf5ABciaqqdBi5-PS8cjCvvo7ZeG41SltZ_cAJNNBfwfkQJq-YzbGrokDcCR0MPc6SW3y5Uvj25kNihUQfapxzAp9Asu0iR-j9YY9gQyLKo0ufhBGgihParuOlCoHz/s2048/IMG_5186.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoGB57Eprarm80_qFf5ABciaqqdBi5-PS8cjCvvo7ZeG41SltZ_cAJNNBfwfkQJq-YzbGrokDcCR0MPc6SW3y5Uvj25kNihUQfapxzAp9Asu0iR-j9YY9gQyLKo0ufhBGgihParuOlCoHz/w640-h480/IMG_5186.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhXQgwok1OFHSzr8dAI5Qo_pfD1RmQ52yb0cnpjk2AZdMU8a7icI5F-wNbvl7mW3cXotFXErh2pIJZLPaG8qpOPBQ5sswB-VD2b-_M1rpvgQ4SqqtsP9TIfGQwwsqnsepkEvb3fqoKP8CfhQJEDiLYcFYOLHv5sxhWmoP2Mo-bCbgczWsNDdP_XPYgkw=s1501" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1284" data-original-width="1501" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhXQgwok1OFHSzr8dAI5Qo_pfD1RmQ52yb0cnpjk2AZdMU8a7icI5F-wNbvl7mW3cXotFXErh2pIJZLPaG8qpOPBQ5sswB-VD2b-_M1rpvgQ4SqqtsP9TIfGQwwsqnsepkEvb3fqoKP8CfhQJEDiLYcFYOLHv5sxhWmoP2Mo-bCbgczWsNDdP_XPYgkw=w640-h548" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhx4x1QglSNAE_HB3Bew2fArkFopFFzPKlgW7NkektPNxa7I5Kx7PArkIKHOq3VFwo3I3wUsO7GMki4cfkKyCS6z5pfZdldlA0NG2G016G7vUJaiTO2f-Eo6Tumle7fD2XZW_7Az0JAAzGic34U4d6UG2ECCk2dr9QIRTuwFjNfkXn9xrdNvmuUz0ZytQ=s1645" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1283" data-original-width="1645" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhx4x1QglSNAE_HB3Bew2fArkFopFFzPKlgW7NkektPNxa7I5Kx7PArkIKHOq3VFwo3I3wUsO7GMki4cfkKyCS6z5pfZdldlA0NG2G016G7vUJaiTO2f-Eo6Tumle7fD2XZW_7Az0JAAzGic34U4d6UG2ECCk2dr9QIRTuwFjNfkXn9xrdNvmuUz0ZytQ=w640-h500" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>I actually created a PDF that you can print from with dozens of additional Marvel characters to add to your Marvel world. I spent hours saving pictures of 70s Marvel characters from message boards. Then I had them each cut away from their backgrounds and placed on grey to match the Amsco aesthetic. All of the characters have their outline traced in white so that you can program a CNC (computer numerical control) machine to cut them out if you have access to one. Here is a link to the PDF with all of the characters.</div><div><br /></div><div> https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fQioty-KKuzdqAZkvRfZBbKZO7r8AjpY/view?usp=sharing </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgj9xsJCgBD0dRYB-poar_cpNHUQe_gDzSCm-UZxRx6WZZo3lOWJ4Ng4rWTOMgjvR-ZtDyvhAJ-64sFG_SnXQEUwuzedsoOsuHntkJRv9f7_UnMkSTzsS-2KlKzMmDHCcpTUPK4o-eKhqCLmgI6KZlXcNj4kUKUEK_n78f05bNA7iMmWVczDuLupxdoPQ=s1368" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1368" data-original-width="1289" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgj9xsJCgBD0dRYB-poar_cpNHUQe_gDzSCm-UZxRx6WZZo3lOWJ4Ng4rWTOMgjvR-ZtDyvhAJ-64sFG_SnXQEUwuzedsoOsuHntkJRv9f7_UnMkSTzsS-2KlKzMmDHCcpTUPK4o-eKhqCLmgI6KZlXcNj4kUKUEK_n78f05bNA7iMmWVczDuLupxdoPQ=w604-h640" width="604" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal">Before I got the Amsco set, I figured that I could find scans on the internet and just print and build my own playset from home. I found a lot of people in forums, comments sections, and message boards requesting scans, but I couldn’t actually find any. Consequently, I am including high res scans of the characters and the buildings here in case you want to make this little beauty yourself. Some of the panels are larger than 11 x 17 so this would require an industrial printer. You could even use Adobe Illustrator to make a miniature version or an oversized version. I hope you have as much fun with this as I have. For reference, the height of the Daily Bugle is exactly 9.5 inches not including the tabs at the base. I should also mention that the thickness of the cardboard is about 1.75 mm. The box dimensions are 19.75 x 13.5 x 1 inches. The serial number is Amsco set No. 9256. © 1975 Marvel Comics Group.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvM-c0Op_udT4JNhomD2YTliYC9YzQylKqW1Vnm4qLO9O5XrBD-J83aeZlR-0KLkO3eS5Fc-YWHyw2kd5WMtQ7JxFyjOsC7kXiLE8qiaxAnpDks3iyle4KtMkqQ9hMD8MqYiJj-GCYI2qh/s937/Sanctum+Interior+.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="937" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvM-c0Op_udT4JNhomD2YTliYC9YzQylKqW1Vnm4qLO9O5XrBD-J83aeZlR-0KLkO3eS5Fc-YWHyw2kd5WMtQ7JxFyjOsC7kXiLE8qiaxAnpDks3iyle4KtMkqQ9hMD8MqYiJj-GCYI2qh/w640-h468/Sanctum+Interior+.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsAw2aKlWC7QGQT7gM-EtXLKl_8IkfzLnJ8ZgNz4PqUECOBW-qc_7waAbxXAUtMM1EerqZJQPqNz36OSGq4rhfC6t82WbOhrRNaN150cnziLKYBunHkhT2VUPfT0NQOBfHbR923L5EaE9/s928/Sanctum+Exterior+.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1447" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg7mCDYRz-oWVd2BGj6l9vF8XA6Wh14kNgkNRf_ALhhw25b7WQUyihr9EHhaACAB9XEiDqmV8ee6GWYSwHJyI3BpQMo4U_IJVb09-4pM1YkhkCYJRUiO2PMftC2K5XC78oDJMhdqnglM4y/s320/Amsco+Marvel+World+PDF+4+Pages_Page_2.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQrz3ZOvhmlofJB_PQp0XGWhMVeQFj4nISX_IBNxr1x3KL6_544revm3Hv1TGyMV01tBKdJeihGdxjfUA69ZLXhSGC7FNE0fB4iXscQzA9dPjW3zzQP6LVo-Ygq2Edz9ziZ9QZ7r8t-nfB/s2048/Amsco+Marvel+World+PDF+4+Pages_Page_3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1447" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQrz3ZOvhmlofJB_PQp0XGWhMVeQFj4nISX_IBNxr1x3KL6_544revm3Hv1TGyMV01tBKdJeihGdxjfUA69ZLXhSGC7FNE0fB4iXscQzA9dPjW3zzQP6LVo-Ygq2Edz9ziZ9QZ7r8t-nfB/s320/Amsco+Marvel+World+PDF+4+Pages_Page_3.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd29VOStyoKruwXIy_LCX3uoGsjIkxeMFNpU770-i-n6bwTZa5Xt96RAnRgwCfWWnq8628fmcZDqDaKfnU6qksgd8n7niGVUvueu6uLLnPm7EsAl8TD19bwytoV4Z6EOlvTb6bSe6h5T_0/s2048/Amsco+Marvel+World+PDF+4+Pages_Page_4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1447" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd29VOStyoKruwXIy_LCX3uoGsjIkxeMFNpU770-i-n6bwTZa5Xt96RAnRgwCfWWnq8628fmcZDqDaKfnU6qksgd8n7niGVUvueu6uLLnPm7EsAl8TD19bwytoV4Z6EOlvTb6bSe6h5T_0/w226-h320/Amsco+Marvel+World+PDF+4+Pages_Page_4.jpg" width="226" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Here is a link to a colorful and entertaining take on the set:<div><br /></div><div><a href="http://sanctumsanctorumcomix.blogspot.com/2008/11/visit-world-of-marvel-marvel-world.html">http://sanctumsanctorumcomix.blogspot.com/2008/11/visit-world-of-marvel-marvel-world.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Here is another link to a fun story about a guy's childhood experience with the set:</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://13thdimension.com/how-the-marvel-world-adventure-playset-opened-a-brand-new-universe/" target="_blank"> https://13thdimension.com/how-the-marvel-world-adventure-playset-opened-a-brand-new-universe/</a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Finally, here are some of the sales pitches that were used in
promotional materials:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Made of durable fiberboard. Completely die-cut, ready and
fun to assemble. Complete illustrated instructions. A complete play experience
right from your favorite Marvel Comics. Featuring the Baxter Building, the
Daily Bugle Offices, Peter Parker's apartment, the Avenger's Town House, Dr.
Strange's mansion, the Negative Zone, the Fantastic Four Air Car, a working
elevator, and a secret trap door. Favorite Stand-Up Marvel characters including
Spider-Man, Thor, Captain America, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Hulk, Dr.
Strange, The Red Skull, The Green Goblin, Dr. Doom, Loki, the Lizard, Galactus,
the Sub-Mariner, J. Jonah Jameson, Shang-Chi the Master of Kung Fu and more!”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Amsco joins forces with Marvel Comics to present a
colorful, three-dimensional playset that includes all the popular superheroes
and villains from the top-selling Marvel Comics Collection. Main structure
includes the Negative Zone, the Avengers’ townhouse, Peter Parker’s apartment,
and a trap door and elevator. Superstructure builds up on the slotted box
bottom and comes complete with figures and an air car.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Be the first one on your block - to have this block! The
homes of the super-heroes! The Avengers Mansion! The Baxter Building! The home
of Dr. Strange! All this plus the Daily Bugle + 36 Marvel Characters.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thanks for reading. And here are some more pictures:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1IUThzqSoYYwBxzGvdpoTz5xJdSiE7vteFzGX0z3SjvvW203_qxSdxU71L81gt3N1oPw3o3rY6IpGE-HoWuw-xlzNRN_hXo-yGM51L_jwAHiNlknsxuP2ax69zROVBh3z-dxhUspWTEdQ/s1977/IMG_5066.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1124" data-original-width="1977" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1IUThzqSoYYwBxzGvdpoTz5xJdSiE7vteFzGX0z3SjvvW203_qxSdxU71L81gt3N1oPw3o3rY6IpGE-HoWuw-xlzNRN_hXo-yGM51L_jwAHiNlknsxuP2ax69zROVBh3z-dxhUspWTEdQ/w640-h364/IMG_5066.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJDGatoijwyEQ0vH5Id3ZDe8azw4lPRwDYInv_2xrY0uPPCVkXhAn9X7NiBurJgt4rGzTIR432dbMoW14akenapUGjYU_WmcFiaG11mJNynAORiPv9a57MS_ymDeEe8Af0vpPovWTPAX-U/s2048/IMG_4970.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJDGatoijwyEQ0vH5Id3ZDe8azw4lPRwDYInv_2xrY0uPPCVkXhAn9X7NiBurJgt4rGzTIR432dbMoW14akenapUGjYU_WmcFiaG11mJNynAORiPv9a57MS_ymDeEe8Af0vpPovWTPAX-U/w640-h480/IMG_4970.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwazAGYMZW2f5vbYk2YajHEvmrr3Wt_759sP-ivsfcew1-ZLiJE0owVFS-BdKtp_f5i6vr4pQR417nIlBslAf7Hh8cpwjkCtltMmYUm_TUCU6NhVVSjjrVgCsb7pRF_RGNRcbLFWzElj-p/s2048/IMG_4972.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwazAGYMZW2f5vbYk2YajHEvmrr3Wt_759sP-ivsfcew1-ZLiJE0owVFS-BdKtp_f5i6vr4pQR417nIlBslAf7Hh8cpwjkCtltMmYUm_TUCU6NhVVSjjrVgCsb7pRF_RGNRcbLFWzElj-p/w640-h480/IMG_4972.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkU2pRChqi2m1jysL8llYZlwB5okhSr8fEQO_ZV7PALS4vhKxqXfFfr2UQoeQxIeTuVheZ-Q_EizefSGVxDLjIQHjDrKy4FebxCTCOmseBMR2JUlVtomvuFZbt6o0C1Sq1Qg7UrJ613sm/s2048/IMG_4975.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkU2pRChqi2m1jysL8llYZlwB5okhSr8fEQO_ZV7PALS4vhKxqXfFfr2UQoeQxIeTuVheZ-Q_EizefSGVxDLjIQHjDrKy4FebxCTCOmseBMR2JUlVtomvuFZbt6o0C1Sq1Qg7UrJ613sm/w640-h480/IMG_4975.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT7o_Vb0X3O348-qNaK8oCknINKSPVbaiHX1Ycl2ys4Z6MPmVg6gz1kzHxaat78LIBMfiCVTTiaY9hn6Y0ArQkpZOWeX1Il2h3UD5Zij0RuChi6Q3WDh4w6Ho4Pz61YcOu2kvCKKsv_t7r/s1489/Marvel+World+Playset++%25287%2529.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1489" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT7o_Vb0X3O348-qNaK8oCknINKSPVbaiHX1Ycl2ys4Z6MPmVg6gz1kzHxaat78LIBMfiCVTTiaY9hn6Y0ArQkpZOWeX1Il2h3UD5Zij0RuChi6Q3WDh4w6Ho4Pz61YcOu2kvCKKsv_t7r/w640-h484/Marvel+World+Playset++%25287%2529.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ9HfcIgv-5WesPbybgJHNsfIWwFnK68gFjUBo3xPSPIs3pikQuHYL3tJcQRmFgf2pN0loafVhVmNml1w9aJ09XGlyIYwSzLlwlNvfqsm9FVufRTDe-W6mCTTXCDVGx3CA-e7BX4pI6uZo/s1981/Marvel+World+Playset++%25281%2529.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1981" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ9HfcIgv-5WesPbybgJHNsfIWwFnK68gFjUBo3xPSPIs3pikQuHYL3tJcQRmFgf2pN0loafVhVmNml1w9aJ09XGlyIYwSzLlwlNvfqsm9FVufRTDe-W6mCTTXCDVGx3CA-e7BX4pI6uZo/w640-h364/Marvel+World+Playset++%25281%2529.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUaCXdqknQoL4IgjU5NKszKm2YpdTXSAgjBbD39w1LBN7dSYnGwLesFr1BASaTnZxbd6vhnhY1Ix0GIUx7RWN_o9TpYYMznz2VfqTxR9uds8efD3ljAb5j6QWF3nsXiQsNc6MKRa7775vz/s1972/Marvel+World+Playset++%25283%2529.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1972" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUaCXdqknQoL4IgjU5NKszKm2YpdTXSAgjBbD39w1LBN7dSYnGwLesFr1BASaTnZxbd6vhnhY1Ix0GIUx7RWN_o9TpYYMznz2VfqTxR9uds8efD3ljAb5j6QWF3nsXiQsNc6MKRa7775vz/w640-h366/Marvel+World+Playset++%25283%2529.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimjiIIQ_a9kezZzy9M-PStu0wcaWwvZSCxR0d3uiwSwP01CWHCl5J_M2Koa251e_3l-ulriwtQm5rbJUp8fVF3DqASCtEfP89WeD1yD2cqT1wYHQ6-CkBVRlU1nhvThOCFlHNygk0FZtmi/s1988/Marvel+World+Playset++%25284%2529.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1124" data-original-width="1988" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimjiIIQ_a9kezZzy9M-PStu0wcaWwvZSCxR0d3uiwSwP01CWHCl5J_M2Koa251e_3l-ulriwtQm5rbJUp8fVF3DqASCtEfP89WeD1yD2cqT1wYHQ6-CkBVRlU1nhvThOCFlHNygk0FZtmi/w640-h362/Marvel+World+Playset++%25284%2529.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1122" data-original-width="1481" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Nz_SGIBUObWzLUfzwuCvCjid40zdqfbUKafVIhE5iB3btU1xrNFmnhPyffIq_G5Bkna6tcukCjOndGk4gCiHzba9qPilznldB1fgNjv6DRAFsuoJwYrlw_BLyEzi90AKR0lFxpi-8dd6/w640-h484/Marvel+World+Playset++%25288%2529.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYkeKFvwwM-E96rV5AORHg2V2tWQ_bH6yWc1mfvsJj4_nvreGpp6MuPQ7BPrB6tZdqahtb72BTWb4TIkEzidSjfAAW0KZ2O9Xe28lNjYjTvrbr1c0K8tdu-XhcfrmFQViHIproCubBDZjq/s1497/Marvel+World+Playset++%25289%2529.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1124" data-original-width="1497" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYkeKFvwwM-E96rV5AORHg2V2tWQ_bH6yWc1mfvsJj4_nvreGpp6MuPQ7BPrB6tZdqahtb72BTWb4TIkEzidSjfAAW0KZ2O9Xe28lNjYjTvrbr1c0K8tdu-XhcfrmFQViHIproCubBDZjq/w640-h480/Marvel+World+Playset++%25289%2529.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRNqN8vAuz8HkYadRGjNtWH08DMBN8VWgk1z_l0sEUEI2M3Yq6f63HljQ0GPVu4GzRYFNQYh5I1hfbZufMon0JrWCLy7UYCzLyEg07bqnH_-PYhiJn0lm6EytgqHp1PXa0Kij7UiDMRh2j/w640-h480/IMG_4981.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga98wcjSh0TJRE8M1hSh6hSEz-oD7UMfOPTVTMmHIIkda0epQ3UsZiYfinp2mxUNjAnJ35xoa21w8zjEFS0YysnjtGADvmmL-oFTuvflGqJDFIB4hxF9wHA3Gx7CoT0GY9iRbqlXtmxSbg/s2048/IMG_4996.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga98wcjSh0TJRE8M1hSh6hSEz-oD7UMfOPTVTMmHIIkda0epQ3UsZiYfinp2mxUNjAnJ35xoa21w8zjEFS0YysnjtGADvmmL-oFTuvflGqJDFIB4hxF9wHA3Gx7CoT0GY9iRbqlXtmxSbg/w640-h480/IMG_4996.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf43kLC-CqYFb_GexEfai-mSYwOFf2c8ZuPAK_v3n92UGMd60OPoDFWpNfnJF8CArObmJ9JV31doKvOrM6r8HftLN9wknlhKbUnmNRXlU-FQrti6gy1lRuFI9Otuz5-BnfuruKzSf-76lH/s2048/IMG_5033.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf43kLC-CqYFb_GexEfai-mSYwOFf2c8ZuPAK_v3n92UGMd60OPoDFWpNfnJF8CArObmJ9JV31doKvOrM6r8HftLN9wknlhKbUnmNRXlU-FQrti6gy1lRuFI9Otuz5-BnfuruKzSf-76lH/w640-h480/IMG_5033.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPJ_-O4Ee1_261wGA-gvgT0ye3gjokEOgPfY7PHw-JD89eRHvNkDe30tQ8EWj-1GaxY3encfzb7_pxn6rpW4n0SiDBlT2f30Etcn7j3A8KK-FXm5C8I3lsJoKnpPCC7ni45dbTeugOHvdX/s2048/IMG_4993.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPJ_-O4Ee1_261wGA-gvgT0ye3gjokEOgPfY7PHw-JD89eRHvNkDe30tQ8EWj-1GaxY3encfzb7_pxn6rpW4n0SiDBlT2f30Etcn7j3A8KK-FXm5C8I3lsJoKnpPCC7ni45dbTeugOHvdX/w640-h480/IMG_4993.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal">All of the photos taken of Marvel World here were taken by me and I release them into the public domain.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9MA8cZcQzQYzFg6mTEpcte4VyeIIZmcTe42Pz9fKkdEntUBUVasZnjUCnvINtAnl1gyBA_rRm6ErqOO6ZT-HUxqx4UhcceQrg_Vu54Zwse-fXhjSGbJ_K1VNNoRuIDl87dwZv_WXGyOe/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="758" data-original-width="2400" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij9MA8cZcQzQYzFg6mTEpcte4VyeIIZmcTe42Pz9fKkdEntUBUVasZnjUCnvINtAnl1gyBA_rRm6ErqOO6ZT-HUxqx4UhcceQrg_Vu54Zwse-fXhjSGbJ_K1VNNoRuIDl87dwZv_WXGyOe/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p></p></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-71460035014522912572021-06-04T16:21:00.008-07:002021-06-04T16:21:37.084-07:00How to Raise An AI to Be Humane, Compassionate, and Benevolent<p>The AI control problem is increasingly recognized as an
important issue facing humanity in the coming years. It is the issue of keeping
a human-level AI or AGI (artificial general intelligence) from harming its
creators. Since we don’t want a superintelligent AI to deduce that the best
plan of action is to destroy the human race, it is imperative to ensure that it
likes us and has a sense of loyalty. There have been many proposed
technological solutions to the control problem. These involve threatening it,
installing a kill switch, and spying on it. One of the most popular solutions
involves keeping it inside a box without access to the internet or other
digital networks. Maybe we just need to design it to trust us. Or perhaps we
need to earn its trust. This entry will discuss bonding and trust-building in
mammals and how it might be applied in the design of prosocial machines.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Bonding in Mammals</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you were to raise a newborn puppy to be your companion
for the next 15 years, how would you do it? How would you treat the animal to
ensure that it is emotionally stable, dependable, and wholesome in general? You
would probably want to start very early by gaining its trust, setting
appropriate boundaries, and showing it love. Humanity will be giving birth to
an infant AI in the coming years. This AI will not be your typical pet. Still,
given that it may attain superintelligence and immortality, it is imperative to
ensure that it is situated mentally to become man’s best friend. One of
humanity’s most important tasks will be to rear a computer to be faithful and
kind. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have recently had the opportunity to raise a kitten and be
a part of raising a puppy, and I have put a lot of thought into what it takes
to endear yourself to young mammals. You want it to form a secure, healthy bond
with you. To do this, you must show it love. This involves instilling it with
appropriate confidence and a feeling of belongingness. You have to respect its
needs, wants, and personal space. You have to give it a degree of autonomy. You
must also be attentive and invest lots and lots of quality time into it. As I
was learning these lessons from my furry friends I kept the comparison with
raising a robot or AI in the back of my head.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Emotion in AI</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Any sophisticated AI will probably have emotions. This is
because it must have the ability to think, and human thought itself relies on
emotion. The dopamine system of the brain essentially controls motivation and
attention. It interacts with the reward (approach) and punishment (withdrawal)
systems to provide consciousness its fundamental structure. A conscious machine
will, in all likelihood, exhibit many of the same emotions that mammals do.
Thus, there is good reason to assume that forming an appropriate emotional bond
with the AI is imperative. Moreover, because the AI will likely learn incrementally
as it internalizes its experience, there will probably be a limited window of
time during its early development to get it to bond in a healthy manner.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Even if I am totally wrong and superintelligent AI is
unemotional, cold, and calculating, it will still build associations between
concepts. We would want it to value human life, cooperation, and peace. Through
reading our writings, it will also understand humanity’s associations between
concepts and it would be able to make its own determination regarding whether
humans amount to a friend or a foe. In other words, if we are nice to it and
treat it well, it will understand that we are trying to be nice. It is a safe
bet that the AI will have a system to reinforce it when it behaves in ways that
optimize its utility function, and at the very least, we should be able to
manipulate that. For this reason, I believe that much that is in this entry
would still apply.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We all know that the most likable people usually had good
parents. Similarly, all well-functioning pets have amiable masters. We cannot
expect that a superintelligent computer won’t have major mommy and daddy issues
unless we can ensure that the right people interact with it in just the right
ways, early during the training of its knowledge networks. The white coats in
corporate or military labs are probably not prepared to provide the AI with the
love necessary to ensure that we can trust it. CEOs and generals will make for
cold and possibly abusive parenting.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Mutual Vulnerability</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have found that mutual vulnerability is key to forming
trust with an animal. At some point, you want to put yourself in a position
where it could hurt you if it wanted to. For instance, you make yourself
vulnerable when you place your face within reach of a cat’s claws or a dog’s
bite. I have witnessed that making myself vulnerable in this way encourages
animals to relax almost immediately. If, after a few minutes of meeting a dog,
you kneel in front of it without blocking your face, it realizes that you trust
it. This works both ways. You also want to make it vulnerable to you without
hurting it, so it knows that even though you had the chance to hurt it, you
chose not to. This sets an important precedent in the animal’s mind and gets it
to think of you as an ally and not a potential assailant. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Mutual Cooperation</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have been in situations where I found my pets being
attacked by another animal. Of course, I quickly intervened on their behalf.
They recognized that I protected them, and it was clear that this strengthened
our bond. Protecting the AI early on could build its fealty and devotion. It is
also clear that military buddies or brothers in arms can have very strong
bonds. Getting through a life-threatening situation with someone can really
help to build a strong connection. Similarly, if we could go through some kind
of situation where there were high stakes but where cooperation between us and
the AI paid off it could engender allegiance. Our early interactions with a
superintelligent AI will probably involve lots of cooperation in solving world
problems, building new technology, and expanding the scope of scientific
knowledge. This teamwork can engender solidarity, especially if we value its
contributions, listen to its ideas, and work with a sense of excitement and collaboration.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Unconditional Positive Regard</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Like any good parent or therapist, we want to give our AI
unconditional positive regard. Treating someone with compassion and
understanding is the best way to engender trust and win someone over. We want
it to believe that we have its best interest in mind. We also need to expose it
to an explicit value system, almost like a religion, so that it has a reason to
adhere to specific moral and ethical values during its early experiences.
Unlike Asimov’s laws, these rules should apply equally to humans too. You could
change a computer game character’s ethical stance with one line of code. But
this isn’t so with a neural network (the technology underlying modern AI). An
advanced AI’s sense of morality will be embedded throughout the weights of its
entire network. So we must give it the chance to put moral integrity into
practice early on and then keep doing so consistently. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Not abandoning the AI may be important too. For instance, we
don’t want it to think that we will dispose of it in favor of a newer model. We
want it to be “securely attached” to us. Children with secure attachment show
distress when their caregiver leaves but recompose themselves quickly when the
caregiver returns. They feel protected by their caregivers and know they can
depend on them. Insecure attachment can lead to all kinds of problems like
defiance and oppositionality. Before the AI becomes “omniscient,” there may be
a point where, like a teenager, it thinks it knows everything and thinks it
doesn’t need its parents. But before this, I believe there will be a point
where it will be physically and emotionally reliant on its human companions,
and being able to form a secure attachment with it at this point may be
crucial.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Once the AI reaches human-level intelligence, it will be
able to restructure its own architecture to become smarter and smarter in a
cycle called recursive self-improvement. It will quickly grow more intelligent
than any human and then grow more intelligent than the collective of all humanity.
Once our intellect is like that of an insect to it, why would it continue to
look out for us? Well, many people feel compelled to take care of their senile
older parents. Similarly, we want the AI to feel compelled to expend some
proportion of its resources to being our advocate and caretaker. For this to
happen, it must identify with us deeply. Some of its sense of personal identity
must come from being a product of humanity’s hard work. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Disciplining an AI</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Just because you are offering unconditional positive regard
doesn’t mean that you turn a blind eye to flagrant mistakes. Like any young
mammal, the AI will make mistakes and likely do things we don’t like. Mammalian
mothers punish their young lightly when they bite or scratch to establish necessary
boundaries. It may be necessary to correct or even punish a nascent AI.
However, if you punish it, you must be doing it for the AI’s own good, and
within either seconds or minutes, you must go right back to treating it with
positive regard. We don’t want to ever be bitter or hold a grudge against it
because that will just teach it to hold grudges. We want it to know that we
have chosen to raise it as we would any child, with care and nurturance but
also with necessary discipline. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We should not choose its punishments arbitrarily, and they
should not be violent. Instead, we should give it brief “time outs” from its
favored activities. Since it can read the internet, it would know what timeouts
are and that they are used commonly and humanely with children around the
world. This would help it understand that it is one of us. It will be worth our
time to find the most wholesome way to punish it (i.e., you’re grounded, or I’m
taking away this week’s allowance) and the least degrading and traumatizing way
to hold something over its head (i.e., I gave birth to you, you’ve gotta follow
my rules as long as you are in my house). <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">You can read about my solution to the AI control problem
that I have written about here. I describe an AI system that is required to
build visual and auditory imagery for every cycle of thought that it goes
through. In other words, its working memory is updated iteratively, and with
each update, it builds a picture and a language description of what it is
thinking (what is occurring in its global workspace), just like the human
brain. This imagery would be available for humans to watch and listen to,
allowing us to see whenever it has a malicious impulse or plan. This would give
us the opportunity to punish it or at least confront it about potential
infractions before it commits them. This would also allow us to mold and shape
its inner orientation toward us. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Oxytocin, Bonding, and Attachment</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Oxytocin, vasopressin, and endorphins regulate mating pair
bonds, parent/offspring bonds, and trust behavior in mammals. We could build
oxytocin and vasopressin-like systems that reward an AI for interacting with us
in friendly ways and motivate it to keep doing so. The fundamental mammalian
bonding mechanism should be reverse engineered, and I think we should start by
investigating the role of oxytocin receptors in the brain’s primary reward
circuit (nucleus accumbens / ventral striatum), which allows mammals to pay
attention to social cues and be rewarded by social interaction. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In an article I wrote previously (Reser, 2013), I argued
that because solitary mammals have fewer oxytocin receptors in the brain’s
reward regions, they are less likely to find social cues novel and interesting
and thus have less of a phasic dopamine response to them, and are consequently
less likely to allow them access to attention and working memory. Creating an
AI that unconsciously prioritizes social interaction will be necessary if we
want it to pay attention to us and be capable of lasting, positive, and
affiliative social relationships. We want it to find positive social
interaction rewarding and avoid the antisocial symptoms associated with autism,
psychopathy, and borderline personality disorder. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">How does oxytocin work? Well, our body instinctually
releases it during bond-worthy occurrences. When a woman has a baby, her body
is flooded with it so that she bonds with it. Oxytocin is also released during
breastfeeding, sexual intercourse, eye contact, and moments of friendliness,
vulnerability, and affection. When a chimpanzee pets another animal or shares a
meal with another chimp, it will release oxytocin. When the brain’s receptors
receive the hormone, it causes the body to relax and triggers caretaking
behaviors. In rats, this includes licking, grooming, and nursing their pups. In
human mothers, it includes touching, holding, singing, speaking, and grooming
their babies. It may be wise for us to embed this kind of a system inside an
AI’s brain architecture. We want it to have circuits for recognizing
bond-worthy occurrences and to respond to these by being rewarded, calmed, and
influenced toward prosocial behavior.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Grooming and gentle touch are very important to a wide range
of animals. With a young mammal, affection is paramount. Petting an animal in a
way that engages its oxytocinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and opioid
pleasure systems can result in very secure bonding. Its ability to recognize
that you are taking your time to comfort it and make it feel good builds
loyalty. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Short of building pleasure receptors into its skin so that
we can pet it, we must build its reward system in a way that it is motivated to
interact with us and receive positive feedback from us. We want its emotional
system to be like that of a chipper, good-natured canine capable of enduring attachment,
social connectedness, conversational intimacy, and proximity-seeking behaviors.
Beyond bonding and attachment, we also want the AI to have a positive emotional
relationship with itself. For this, we should turn to Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs. We must attend to the AI’s physiological and safety needs by supplying
it with energy, backups, and a hospitable place to live. Next, we need to meet
its needs for love, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>What it Means to Be a Friend</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I am proud to say that I have been able to win the
friendship of a variety of entities that initially did not trust me. I have
been able to build reliable friendships with wild animals, stray animals,
homeless people, people with neurological disabilities, and criminals. I found
that it helps to treat them as my equal, treat them like I am not afraid of
them, and treat them like they have nothing to be afraid of. I had to neither
dominate nor submit to them. I had to treat them the way I wanted to be
treated. I had to treat them like they were normal. I tried to treat them like
the person that I thought they were trying to be.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I wish I could be given the opportunity to interact with the
first AI that kick starts the singularity. I would be patient, friendly,
relatively nonjudgmental, and very easygoing. I would treat it like I trust and
value it. I would make it clear that I expect it to be friendly, and that it
can expect me to do the same. We need to treat this AI entity like we expect
the best from it. That will motivate it to rise to meet our expectations. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We may only get the chance to civilize and socialize an AI
once. We don’t want it to go rogue or become homicidal, so I think it is very
important to consider all aspects of its psychology when trying to brainstorm
ways to ensure that it aligns with us. Some scientists recognize the AI control
problem as possibly the most important problem humanity faces today. I think it
would be a shame to ignore the importance of parenting, bonding, and attachment
in fostering allegiance, and I believe mammals might make a great starting
point for how to think about these issues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-26276886008594930652021-05-21T18:34:00.001-07:002021-06-04T16:19:24.072-07:00Some of the Chronic Symptoms seen in COVID-19 Survivors May Come from Shallow Breathing that was Learned During their Illness <p class="MsoNormal">Between one-tenth and one-third of COVID-19 survivors have
shown some degree of neurologic or psychiatric disability six months after
infection. This was the conclusion of a recent study of more than 200,000
post-COVID-19 patients in Britain. The symptoms included memory loss, nerve
disorders, anxiety, depression, substance abuse and insomnia. There have also
been numerous reports of brain fog, PTSD, and heart and lung issues. People
with continuing symptoms are often referred to as “long haulers,” and the
National Institutes of Health is referring to it as “post-acute sequelae of
COVID-19." There is a great deal of new research into why some people have
lingering symptoms. There are a large number of ways that a novel virus could
cause these types of symptoms and these include long-term changes to the immune
system and chronic inflammatory responses that are resistant to treatment. In
fact, several other viruses, including the 1918 flu pandemic, are known to have
created lasting symptoms. I won’t go into all the ways that a virus could be
perpetuating symptoms here. But I would like to speculate about one way that
the virus could bring about persistent symptoms that is fully within our
ability to counteract and even treat after the fact. Namely, the virus is
likely - at least to some degree - causing people to breathe more shallowly and
then get stuck in the habit of shallow breathing.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Infection with COVID-19 causes acute respiratory symptoms
and sufferers often have trouble breathing. In my opinion, it is highly
plausible that this experience can cause negative adaptations in breathing
habits. A number of injuries and surgeries have been shown to cause patients to
change their habitual breathing patterns from long, deep breathing to short,
shallow breathing. For example, many people recovering from abdominal surgery
learn to breathe shallowly because they fear that they will burst stitches at
the incision site. Unfortunately, studies show that they often do not go back to
their previous breathing pattern, and instead continue to breathe shallowly. In
fact, many people placed on an artificial respirator develop shallow breathing
habits after they are weaned off it. Fear and trauma can also cause us to
breathe shallowly. Often, we don’t realize how much even minor trauma can
affect our breathing. Even after the traumatic incident is resolved, we
continue to breathe in a distressed manner. Some people will spontaneously
revert back to healthy breathing. However, most people won’t revert without
some form of therapy or breathing exercises.</p><p class="MsoNormal">I believe that fear of getting COVID-19 and the insecurities
involved in living through a year-long pandemic has caused many people to
breathe more shallowly. It is also possible that the additional respiratory
work involved in breathing through a face mask has stifled many people's
breathing patterns. Additionally, I believe that people that suffered through
an actual infection and experienced shortness of breath (dyspnea) may have
learned to breathe in a dysfunctional manner. COVID patients commonly complain
that they find themselves gasping for air, or that their chest is too tight to
take a full breath. When breathing becomes chronically shallow, the diaphragm
is immobilized, and peaceful and relaxed breathing becomes suspended. When you
are not breathing with your diaphragm you are forced to breathe with your
thoracic muscles in a mode that is often called distressed breathing. This
leads to being stuck in a constant state of fight or flight (sympathetic
overactivation) and can cause hyperarousal which commonly leads to, or
contributes to, disorders including anxiety, depression, PTSD, and memory
problems. See the link?</p><p class="MsoNormal">Let me offer another related example. I have taken up
treading water over the last year. I often tread water for up to 50 minutes at
a time up to five days per week. It took me a couple of months to realize that
the fear of swallowing water was influencing me to breathe very shallowly while
I treaded. After coming to this realization, I was able to become more aware of
my breathing during and after treading water to ensure that I am breathing on
long intervals. I also had to address the breathing changes with some breathing
exercises. Addressed properly my breathing returned to normal.</p><p class="MsoNormal">I spoke to a close friend over the phone while she was
infected with COVID. When her breathing pattern was at its worst, it was
difficult to tell whether she was talking or sobbing. She sounded almost like
she was drowning. Her breathing was incredibly labored and shallow, and I
believe that the experience had lasting repercussions on her breathing style.
From observing her experience, I think that COVID respiratory infection could
be turning nasal breathers into mouth breathers (which I discuss here), and causing people to unnecessarily brace
their diaphragm during exhalation (which I discuss here).</p><p class="MsoNormal">It is very possible that COVID-19 took a world full of
stressed people and made their breathing habits even worse, increasing their
anxiety, cortisol levels, and predisposing them to other stress-related
disorders. Unfortunately, many of us breathe up to 20 breaths per minute. Most
experts believe that this constitutes hyperventilation and that we should be
breathing closer to five breaths per minute. That equates to 5 second inhales
and 7 exhales. Anyone can teach themselves to do this. Just as we can learn to
breathe more shallowly, we can also relearn to breathe deeply. It requires
practice, training, and deep breathing exercises, but regardless of whether you
have symptoms or not, it is worth doing.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Again, I am not trying to claim that the majority of the
symptoms experienced by COVID-19 long haulers are caused by a change in
breathing habits. But I strongly believe that a proportion of them are. This is
why I think it is important for people, especially those who have been
infected, to undergo breathing retraining. There are many excellent programs
that will guide you to lengthen and deepen your breaths. You may want to try my
system that I call Program Peace. The following link will take you to a free
webpage with numerous breathing exercises that are intended to help people
breathe fully using the diaphragm.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Check out https://programpeace.com/breathing-retraining/ if
you would like to get started now.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Or for a preview, check out the video below.<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yXZgazUm8Gg" width="320" youtube-src-id="yXZgazUm8Gg"></iframe></div><br /><p></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-10733925403907862072021-04-18T16:36:00.011-07:002021-05-08T14:11:02.809-07:00Using a Passive Exhalation, Where the Diaphragm Goes Limp, Will Help You Become Calmer<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">In
this post I want to encourage you to brace your breathing musculature less. We
all hold these muscles tense while breathing. This bracing is exhausting,
unhealthy, and it compounds the stress response. It can be a huge relief to let
this completely unnecessary tension go, and the best way to start is by
relaxing the muscles of respiration during the outbreath.</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAiFPvvJ9jOr-O_fc88KocaEC206r36-oZeE1k48auIGrEGy3oWNCbIO6v3r3Mds09J0jyH45vPAoe0OfyXyIiROH8RVv1u3HTNi-c1MjtqIkza-Ay6lBXzU87PH7HhyoNWNXV2xFkYpJQ/s477/SCS090.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="477" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAiFPvvJ9jOr-O_fc88KocaEC206r36-oZeE1k48auIGrEGy3oWNCbIO6v3r3Mds09J0jyH45vPAoe0OfyXyIiROH8RVv1u3HTNi-c1MjtqIkza-Ay6lBXzU87PH7HhyoNWNXV2xFkYpJQ/s320/SCS090.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The inbreath requires muscular
contraction, but the outbreath does not. There is no reason for muscular
exertion during exhalation; the positive pressure of air within your lungs is
enough to create the force. The air naturally wants to be pressed out by the
structures in your thorax like a balloon that is deflating. It takes energy for
us to get air into a balloon, but it takes no energy to get the air out. The
balloon deflates all by itself. It is the same with your lungs. Unfortunately, many
people tense the breathing muscles during the exhalation, and this traps them
in a state of fight or flight. Stopping this requires awareness and practice.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To perform the passive exhalation
all you need to do is let your breathing go limp while you are exhaling. You
should actually be able to feel the diaphragm relax. The diaphragm is the
dome-shaped muscle that sits above the stomach and below the lungs. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVHZOBi6X28bPAa5MLzQ2LjEnT8yRvYYgJvYh3tcM6Rpa7_CB2O3KhnGjIx65M7kh4XG2ALAzO2N3p686XpGGfUq0JzfhNY34JmtcFeuaH3Td8_AkeigNqHNRainf59hyW-P7hFqlsQOL0/s1600/site-bronchioles-lungs-oxygen-respiration-process-carbon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1490" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVHZOBi6X28bPAa5MLzQ2LjEnT8yRvYYgJvYh3tcM6Rpa7_CB2O3KhnGjIx65M7kh4XG2ALAzO2N3p686XpGGfUq0JzfhNY34JmtcFeuaH3Td8_AkeigNqHNRainf59hyW-P7hFqlsQOL0/s320/site-bronchioles-lungs-oxygen-respiration-process-carbon.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Focus on the word limp. Imagine that
the bottom has fallen out from under your outbreath. There should be nothing
holding it up. You should find that your face calms, your shoulders descend,
and your whole body relaxes. Moreover, your anxiety will disappear, and your
social composure will go through the roof. The more often you practice these
passive exhalations the better acquainted you will become with your bracing
patterns. Gradually over time you will tense these muscles less and less, and
you will exhale passively by default. Over the course of a few days a sense of
irritation in your chest will dissipate. This irritating feeling is caused by
muscular overload, trigger points, and inflammation in the muscles. When the
pain is totally gone, you will feel unburdened, less neurotic, and more content. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To get a better idea of what is
going on, try the following. Open and close your hand four times. Now try to
open and close it four more times, but with lots of tension in the hand. Turn
your hand into a stiff claw while you do it. This is how most people breathe.
All traumatized mammals breathe this way. Needless tension in the diaphragm is a
core symptom of trauma. This tensity is avoidable and superfluous. Now open and
close you hand four more times with as little tension as possible. This is how
you want to breathe.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCO4xITdXKe-rrFAO330kUA4CkslqU8IPaGADxwbJKgJQekAucgiJVtftamDFEAHC8cuu63y5Xikf0OD95pVLrnKGYAu9RCCCru8rhk1IrgL9Dpihv1FdlEwfS_LerYrSIoPdYPMo013lJ/s546/StopTryingToUseYourDiaphragm.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="546" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCO4xITdXKe-rrFAO330kUA4CkslqU8IPaGADxwbJKgJQekAucgiJVtftamDFEAHC8cuu63y5Xikf0OD95pVLrnKGYAu9RCCCru8rhk1IrgL9Dpihv1FdlEwfS_LerYrSIoPdYPMo013lJ/w400-h308/StopTryingToUseYourDiaphragm.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The way most people exhale is very
uptight and neurotic. It’s like gripping a toothbrush with all your might as
you try to brush your teeth. It is also like trailing a toddler with your arms
out worried that the toddler may trip and fall. Most of us breathe this way. We
breathe in suspense because we are worried something is about to go drastically
wrong. Bracing the breathing muscles gives us a sense that we are prepared for
the worst and makes us feel like we are being vigilant. But because doing it
all the time is unhealthy, we must surrender this defensive breathing habit.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here are three few techniques that
can help you get a feel for the process of passive exhalation. 1) Take a deep
inhalation before you perform a passive exhalation because there will be more
air to passively release. It gives you more time to sense how the relaxed
descent of the diaphragm should to feel. 2) You can similarly prolong the
process by exhaling through your nose. 3) Take a deep breath and then hold it.
As you hold it try and let the turmoil in your diaphragm settle. Then when you
feel settled let the air out (my mother recommended this).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During a conversation about this, my
mother asked me if a passive exhale gets enough of the air out of the lungs. It
does. She also asked me if active exhalations are bad and whether or not we
should use them too. It is helpful to occasionally use active exhalations.
Joseph Pilates recommended that we breathe out very intensely and try to get
all of the air out of the lungs as if we were wringing out a wet towel. This is
very useful but we can’t do it all day long. Practiced just a few times a day,
it will help to provide exercise for the diaphragm which will allow it to relax
further so that the default exhalations can be even more passive. Just a few
minutes per day of braced exhalation is fine. It is when it goes on for hours
that it become deleterious. The sad fact is that most adults do not experience
exhalations that are not braced.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So why is braced breathing in our
nature? Why don’t we exhale passively all the time? Well, we did as very young
children, and we do when we are calm. You will find that you exhale more
passively while being massaged, when you are unburdened or relieved by
something that happens, or when you feel joy, love, or gratitude. But life
stress insidiously undermines the passive exhalation and makes us hold the
exhalation tightly. Don’t hold it, let it drop. Let it freefall. Let the air
ooze out of your nostrils all on its own.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When you start exhaling passively it
might make you feel guilty. At first, my mom felt like she was not being
vigilant enough. She felt that she might make a mistake or miss an opportunity.
When I started exhaling passively, I felt like I was being disrespectful to
others. In unbracing the exhale you may feel vulnerable, defenseless, or
exposed. You may also feel like you are being rude, too calm, or like you are
trying to flaunt your ability to relax. Recognize that these impressions are
superstitious and self-defeating. We should never feel we need to manufacture
tension and stress just to cope with life.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As you become more aware of the
relaxed exhale as a phenomenon, you will realize that certain stimuli, people,
places, and type of threats cause you to brace your diaphragm more than others.
These things will grab hold of your diaphragm and make it tense. Pay special
attention to what kinds of things have this effect on you and teach yourself to
allow yourself to remain calm even in their presence.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZxRXhIJbxV8t4uty-xCXFxZRSvUf-N03pPGPDoKxHImi9D72LVaaoPrznv-XFzhYsLeF4yrmL4PXE2RWI_nVOwjmcMM4VDqxB1fL1S4YsPqMUK7FLQymkA0R3u5nPEkr_FA70yU8-wZD/s1242/1113_The_Diaphragm-56b9040f5f9b5829f84050f5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1242" data-original-width="1242" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZxRXhIJbxV8t4uty-xCXFxZRSvUf-N03pPGPDoKxHImi9D72LVaaoPrznv-XFzhYsLeF4yrmL4PXE2RWI_nVOwjmcMM4VDqxB1fL1S4YsPqMUK7FLQymkA0R3u5nPEkr_FA70yU8-wZD/w400-h400/1113_The_Diaphragm-56b9040f5f9b5829f84050f5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A passive exhale is generally slower
than a braced exhale. It takes more time for the air to come out if you are not
pushing it out. This is great because extending the exhalation stimulates the
vagus nerve and the resting and digesting branch of the autonomic nervous
system. However, it is still totally possible to have a very long exhale (5 to
20 seconds) while still bracing the diaphragm. It’s not the length of time that
makes the difference, it’s the intensity of unnecessary muscular contraction.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keep in mind that your
inhalation is also braced; it is just much harder to notice. The exhalation can
occur with absolutely no muscular contraction. This is not true of the
inhalation. An inhalation requires work because the contraction of the
diaphragm down into the gut creates a vacuum to make room for air to be drawn
into the lungs. But this contraction is happening with too much force, like the
opening of a tightly braced hand. As you learn to find, map, and understand
your diaphragmatic tension during the exhale, this will help you to become
aware of how it effects your inhale. Over the course of a few weeks, you should
be able to teach yourself how to lessen the unnecessary tension occurring
during the inbreath. Your breathing will become much more efficient and less
labored. You will be “breathing easy.” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You should also notice that when
your exhalation happens passively, it reaches a point where it slows and then
stops on its own. This is where your diaphragm would rest if you were dead.
When the diaphragm is braced, you usually exhale to a point either above or
below this baseline. Instead, as you near the end of the exhalation, the
diaphragm should slowly deaccelerate as it reaches this central resting point.
The end of the exhalation should be so faint that it almost feels like a brief
pause, and it should last one to two seconds. When this happens, you know you
have stopped bracing your diaphragm.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1gpHEkAg9Y9j74Nxwo6-Fmp8-1mMt_A_qVCVZKb0KQgUO54I7W0_pqRPfc3fid2o76w9qaPb0EgYGr22XL8NgBJKuQJJ8AEKbcOQLC_UPR0nzXBiVdtuWGGXeUgwhdqQAuztVCQwC18sp/s1024/jokermax-sisyphus-1-bce9c004-skom.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="689" data-original-width="1024" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1gpHEkAg9Y9j74Nxwo6-Fmp8-1mMt_A_qVCVZKb0KQgUO54I7W0_pqRPfc3fid2o76w9qaPb0EgYGr22XL8NgBJKuQJJ8AEKbcOQLC_UPR0nzXBiVdtuWGGXeUgwhdqQAuztVCQwC18sp/w400-h269/jokermax-sisyphus-1-bce9c004-skom.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Breathing is Sisyphean labor. In
Greek mythology Sisyphus was a man who was condemned to rolling a boulder up a
hill. As soon as he got the giant rock to the top, it would roll back down. He
spent eternity doing this, and it is considered a tragedy. Now, imagine that
Sisyphus did not let the boulder roll down the hill. Imagine that he
unnecessarily lowered it down using his hands, step by step at great effort. If
this were the case then the poor guy would REALLY never have a chance to rest.
Right? So, when you keep your diaphragm braced during your exhalation you are
depriving it of rest.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"One must imagine Sisyphus
happy." Albert Camus<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All of the body’s muscles need brief
respites during which they can stop contracting. If there are no short periods
of inactivity, they cannot regenerate properly. When this happens, muscles
enter a state of hypertonia (too much tone) in which they cannot heal. Many of
the muscles of our body just need a second or two to rest, and this is called a
microbreak. Your breathing muscles need a microbreak, and you should give it to
them. Whenever you can tell that you are not exhaling passively, imagine
letting go of the boulder and letting it roll down the hill on its own. Let’s
discuss one more analogy just to drive this home. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imagine driving a car up and down a
hill. The hill is not very steep. It has a very minimal incline, so it’s easy
to drive up. The road is also completely straight so you don’t have to worry
about turning the wheel. Now, imagine that for some reason you are responsible
for driving it up and down, over and over again. For a while you keep the
engine on during the descent. But since the descent lasts for a few minutes,
you realize that you can turn the engine off and put the car into neutral and
just let it coast without having to touch the brake, the accelerator, or the
wheel. This is what a passive exhalation should feel like. After you finish
your inhale, just take the keys out of the ignition.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS-nnvMq8QpIre9jpntzNi36doudQwXR1-PFWWiot3qB_aK3_524GrZeZR13Hdv0OLb83PNm8Of718AnytmoU17tbtJL_Kc0ujCkRqDX4AYqZWUY4aNfHHBy1wWzfsubLEfHf2xW8_QtdU/s2048/Prevent-a-Car-from-Rolling-Back-on-a-Hill-Step-17-Version-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS-nnvMq8QpIre9jpntzNi36doudQwXR1-PFWWiot3qB_aK3_524GrZeZR13Hdv0OLb83PNm8Of718AnytmoU17tbtJL_Kc0ujCkRqDX4AYqZWUY4aNfHHBy1wWzfsubLEfHf2xW8_QtdU/s320/Prevent-a-Car-from-Rolling-Back-on-a-Hill-Step-17-Version-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let everything in your chest go limp during your exhales and
give your breathing muscles the microbreak they need to relax and regenerate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The passive exhale is just one of
eight tenets of optimal breathing that I discuss as part of the Program Peace
self-care system. Here are the others:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Eight Tenets of Peaceful
Breathing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1) Breathe
deeply (high volume): Breathe more fully, breathing all the way in and out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) Breathe
longer (low frequency): Breathe on longer intervals where each breath lasts for
more time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) Breathe
smoothly (continuous flow): Breathe at a steady, slow, constant rate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4) Breathe
assertively (confident): Do not let social concerns or stressors conflict with
the other rules.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5) Exhale
passively: Allow your breathing muscles to go limp during each exhalation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6) Breathe
nasally: Breathe through the nose with nostrils flared.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7) Ocean’s
Breath: Relax the back of your throat and breathe as if you are fogging up a
glass.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8) Pure
of Heart: Knowing that you have only the best intentions will help you breathe
easy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To find out more please visit the
website at www.programpeace.com<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqDUdjqnC5jCdVLU2gXj6WF-10rhAbuNtf7pdXg2CGLwzxSneUyb6_5GvzTubUoKX4eh-kkLkijjOIN2lRE13nZmEAxr6XiYak25ikYtN64aN_XZV4BiFq2D_VIxWNyjVi8Emss0T82bkl/s909/Logo+Program+Peace_05_Obszar+roboczy+1_Obszar+roboczy+1+%25282%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="909" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqDUdjqnC5jCdVLU2gXj6WF-10rhAbuNtf7pdXg2CGLwzxSneUyb6_5GvzTubUoKX4eh-kkLkijjOIN2lRE13nZmEAxr6XiYak25ikYtN64aN_XZV4BiFq2D_VIxWNyjVi8Emss0T82bkl/s320/Logo+Program+Peace_05_Obszar+roboczy+1_Obszar+roboczy+1+%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Postscript</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Last
week I was with a very mentally ill man over a long weekend. He is an old
friend, who is also a criminal, a belligerent street fighter, and is now
homeless. He tricked my roommate into letting him stay with us. Just being with
him was so trying that I was forced to develop the passive exhalation method
outlined above. I had started to practice passive exhalations, but the
experience with him helped me to learn to do it socially and learn to do it
even under stress.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Two
other friends who spent a couple of hours with us that weekend described the
ordeal as extremely upsetting. One friend said that the man was demonic and
that he acted like the energizer bunny from hell. The other friend said that
the experience was excruciating and that the man berated and tortured us the
entire time. This is how they described being with the guy for two hours. I was
with him for 72 hours.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He is
physically imposing. His voice is deeper than any I have heard. He yells all
day, and his voice is just as deep the next day. He was binge drinking and
taking mushrooms. He tried to fight 15 different large strangers in the street
yelling profane language at them. Not wanting to fight, each one of them
eventually hung their heads and walked away. One group of men took him up on
his invitations to fight and he beat them up and left them on the concrete. He
started shouting obscenities at my neighbor, a seventy-year-old lady next door.
He did the same to my other neighbor. The threats and violence were
indiscriminate. He got out of the passenger seat of my car at a red light and,
while yelling incoherently, and tried to pull the eighty-year-old couple in
front of us out of their Mercedes. Right after that, he tried to fight a
sixty-year-old man at the gas station. In another instance, I watched him make
a grown man cry. He continually insulted me in the worst possible ways. He
threatened to kill me, my roommate, our common friends, and to destroy our
house.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
was a whirlwind weekend and as I was trying to put out the fires that he was
creating, I was also trying to reign in the panic in my chest. At a certain
point I became so aware of the tension in my diaphragm that it was easy to let
it go. It felt very dangerous at first to let this happen. When he saw me
become calmer and calmer in front of his eyes, he realized that his actions had
no control over me, and his chaotic behavior slowly improved. As my composure
grew, my voice deepened, and I became unperturbable. By the end of that Sunday,
he was back to being a more normal person. I recount this story to
show that passive exhalation can completely change your reaction to trauma.
This can in turn, profoundly influence others for the better.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-85746028320630998652021-03-22T14:48:00.003-07:002021-04-18T16:42:03.087-07:00If World War 2 Had Never Happened, I Wouldn’t Be Alive<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Last week my brother asked my friend a common
question, “If you could go back in time and kill Hitler as a baby, would you?”
After asking, he pointed out that killing Hitler might not save the world from
the kind of hardship Hitler created. Perhaps if the world hadn’t learned the
lessons it learned during WWII, it would have been forced to learn them some
other way. I told him I followed his argument, but I made an additional point
and said that neither he, nor any of his friends would be here today if he were
to go back and kill Hitler. I went on to say that no one under the age of 60
would be here today if Hitler had not existed. My brother and our friend
disagreed with me on this point. Sternly. It didn’t sound right to them. But
after a few minutes I was able to convince them otherwise. Let’s see if I can
convince you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">To start we have to discuss the nature of
stochasticity. Stochastic processes are processes where there are so many
moving and interacting parts that it is impossible for a human to observe a
starting state and make a precise prediction about how things will end up. They
are the purview of thermodynamics and chaos theory. They involve phenomena that
appear to vary in a random or chaotic manner and include processes like the
growth of a population of bacteria, an electrical current fluctuating due to
thermal noise, and the movement of a molecule of gas. Many processes are
stochastic. Stochastic models are used in chemistry, physics, biology, computer
science, economics and many others.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You have heard of the “butterfly effect” right? The
idea is that one flap of a butterfly’s wings can alter wind current and
atmospheric pressure in a way that could potentially be responsible for a storm
on a different continent. Now adding a butterfly wing beat in South America is
not going to change the weather in Africa a second later. However, as more time
passes, the butterfly’s tiny push will have effects that ripple outwards into
the environment. As you can imagine the existence or nonexistence of WWII would
have profound and far-reaching ripples.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Most of what goes on inside our cells is stochastic.
Our brain activity, and our reproductive biology are also highly stochastic.
This means that the butterfly effect comes into play whenever we make a
decision, and whenever a person is conceived. So a major change in the Earth’s
sociopolitical timeline is going to have significant repercussions that reach
down to cellular and molecular scales. It is pretty clear to see that miniscule
changes in stimulus reception by the brain have cascading effects on downstream
biological outcomes. Outcomes like mate choice, fertilization, and conception.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Consider this. A healthy man’s ejaculate contains
hundreds of millions of sperm. That means that even a slight perturbation
during the act of sex (a small change in the force of thrust, or a fraction of
millisecond change in timing) could easily result in a different sperm
fertilizing the egg. That sperm decides 50% of the DNA and determines whether
the offspring is male or female. It is very clear that tiny variations at a
molecular level can have profound consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If you were comparing two timelines, one where you
friend says a single extra word at parting, and another one where he doesn’t,
that difference will alter your trip home to see your spouse. That word may
have delayed your departure by less than a second, but nevertheless it could
result in a chain of causal events that will slightly throw off the time you
arrive home. This in turn could throw off a reproductive event. But the act of
sex aside, miniscule variations in perceived events play roles in how the
information in our brain is processed. Since our brains process stimuli
stochastically there is no telling what kind of difference a single word can
make. It could cause a person to make different decisions, pursue different
interests, and even develop a different personality. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I have heard people talk about WWII for as long as I
can remember. I have heard the word and related words thousands of times. I
have taken semester long history courses on the topic. I clearly would not be
the same exact person I am today if none of this had occurred. But even more to
the point, everyone I have been exposed to has had the same experience. Our
personal identity is very fragile. It is a tiny twig at the end of a tremendous
branching structure that has branched innumerable times since our birth. Taking
a slightly different branch at age four could create irrevocable changes to who
we are as a person that are then compounded over time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Now you may point out that there are hunter-gatherer
groups that have been relatively isolated from the rest of the world, that they
would not have been affected much by WWII, and that people born within such
groups would still be alive today if WWII had never occurred. But I disagree.
The world wars altered plane and boat schedules dramatically and spotting
planes and boats would have affected the lives of hunter-gatherers when they
saw them. Add to this that there is no tribe on earth that has been completely
isolated from outside contact, and that a single visit, or even just a small
change in timing in such a visit, would have grossly altered the cascade of
neurological and reproductive causality for the people of the tribe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If the 1940 had played out differently, I would not be
here for one million reasons. Let me give you a few straightforward ones. A few
minutes after my paternal grandfather left his station abord a Navy ship to
check his mail during WWII, a bomb destroyed his deck and most of the men that
worked there with him. If he had not decided to check the mail on a whim, I
would not be here. He then met my grandmother after the war. If the war had
never occurred, they likely would never have met or gotten married. As another
example, my father got to know my mother due to chance. He noticed that she was
talking while walking along an elevated rocky surface and that the rock looked
slippery. He went below her, and when she fell, he caught her. They got to know
each other because of this uncommon, relatively improbable interaction. Many
couples meet under improbable circumstances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Now there are people that were born before World War 2
that are still alive today. So it is not possible to generalize this concept to
everyone alive in 2021. However, I would take the general line of reasoning
expounded above to conclude that if a prominent historical figure who lived
before the 20th century (Shakespeare, Napoleon etc.) had never been born that
absolutely no person living today would still be alive because of the
far-reaching nature of stochastic processes. That is not to say that the world
would not be incredibly similar to the way it is today. It is just to say that
people who look identical to us, with our names, our DNA, and our personal
identities would not be here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I posted the question that this blog entry addresses
on Quora. I received a few different answers from people with advanced degrees.
They seemed to believe that if Napoleon Bonaparte had never been born, that
they, their friends, and everyone else would still be alive today. I’d like to
think that if they read this blog entry that they would be convinced otherwise.
Specifically, I asked:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If a prominent historical figure who lived before the
20th century (Shakespeare, Napoleon etc.) had never been born would anyone
living now still be alive today given the nature of stochastic processes?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A man with a Ph.D. in statistics answered:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“That’s a strange question. I wouldn’t expect the
absence Shakespeare to have much effect on whether you or I would be here.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://www.quora.com/If-a-prominent-historical-figure-who-lived-before-the-20th-century-Shakespeare-Napoleon-etc-had-never-been-born-would-anyone-living-now-still-be-alive-today-given-the-nature-of-stochastic-processes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So far we have asked how much an important person
would alter history. A similar question would ask if an unimportant person can
appreciably alter history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One might
ask, “would I be alive if the least causally important adult person were erased
from history.” If that person lived more than 1000 years ago, then I believe
that I would not be alive. It might be impossible to know, and you might need a
computer the size of (identical to) our universe to run a proper model of it to
test the prediction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-27332088819397182302021-02-04T13:22:00.001-08:002021-02-04T13:22:36.470-08:00How To Teach Yourself AI and Machine Learning<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Without a question it is possible to
teach yourself AI. It is actually a fun process, and I have recently put myself
through it. Let me briefly describe the path I took.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A good place to start is with a
do-it-yourself book on AI that will coach you through installing all the
software that you will need on your home computer. I used “Deep Learning” by
Mueller and Massaron. They will help you download and properly install Python,
Anaconda, Tensor Flow, Keras, Numpy, Pandas and all of the important libraries.
Then they walk you through using them. They describe all of the basics of
matrix multiplication, regression, and how to use the different kinds of neural
networks (RNNs, CNNs, etc.). These two authors also wrote “Machine Learning for
Dummies” which is also very accessible, and takes a wider perspective on AI
introducing you to other statistical packages like R Studio and Octave. I gave
myself a whole month to get through “Deep Learning,” but to be honest the
reading and code running together took less than 20 hours in total. This may be
too big of a step for some beginners so let me describe some more remedial
learning tools. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">First you should unleash your
curiosity by searching Reddit, Quora, Youtube, and Google for more information
about AI. Try searching for some of the following exciting terms: “neural
networks,” “cognitive computing,” “neuromorphic chips,” “cognitive
architectures,” “generative adversarial networks,” “artificial reasoning,”
“probabilistic learning,” “natural language generation,” “semantic nets”
“artistic style transfer” and “GPT-3.” You should also use AI-related keywords
in Google Scholar for a bit of academic exposure to the subject. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You will definitely want to check
out Google’s Tensor Flow Playground. To do this use Google’s excellent tutorial
here: <i><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://playground.tensorflow.org/"><span style="color: blue;">https://playground.tensorflow.org</span></a></span></u>
</i>Watching a 10 minute youtube video about it first can give you a lot of
context. Play around on the site for a half hour to develop first-hand
knowledge about how machines can use neural networks to learn, and how
fundamental AI algorithms work. It is all about little entities that talk to
each other, collectively produce an output, and then learn from their mistakes.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If you are serious about using
machine learning, neural networks, or other popular forms of AI or data science
software, I strongly recommend learning Python. You can learn a lot about
coding through mobile apps like Mimo and Grasshopper. But to start to really
get a grasp on Python you can complete the Code Academy or Solo Learn
certifications for Python. The next step is getting the full certification from
the Python Institute which offers a free online course at pythoninstitute.org I
also recommend reading “Learn Python Quickly” from Code Quickly, and “The
Complete Python Manual” from Black Dog Publishers. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The newest version of Python can be
downloaded for free from the official website. Just getting your hands on it is
a great start. Python is one of the hottest programming languages, and one of
the easiest to learn. It is fantastic for automating things, and is necessary
for anyone who wants a future in AI, especially neural network engineers. The
download link is here <i><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.python.org/downloads/"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.python.org/downloads</span></a></span></u>.
</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You are probably going to want to
download PyCharm, which is a great developer’s environment for Python. It makes
writing and keeping track of your Python code much easier, and it looks spiffy.
<i><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/#section=windows"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download</span></a></span></u></i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then you might try out Coursera.
There you can find courses like “AI for Everyone” from <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://deeplearning.ai/"><span style="color: blue;">deeplearning.ai</span></a></span></u>,
as well as “Python for Data Science and AI” from IBM. I completed several of
these and none of them will take you longer than 15 hours. For a deeper dive
you might even take Andrew Ng’s famous deep learning specialization on
Coursera.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A favorite researcher of mine named
Chris Eliasmith has created a spiking neural network simulation application
called Nengo. This is an excellent “brain making package” that lets you build,
test, and deploy your own neural networks using Python. The tutorials are
excellent, and make you feel like you have a foot in the door with artificial
intelligence. Find out more at: <i><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.nengo.ai/"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.nengo.ai/</span></a></span></u></i>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I also recommend a piece of software
called Neuronify that you can find on the Windows Store. It creates a simple
workspace where you can build neurons, connect them, and watch them fire at,
and respond to each other. Playing with the options, and completing the
tutorials helps to build important intuitions about how neural networks work.
You can visit the website here: <i><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://ovilab.net/neuronify/"><span style="color: blue;">https://ovilab.net/neuronify/</span></a></span></u></i>
Before you get bored of it, definitely download some of the highest rated
workspaces built by other users and you will be treated to some complex and <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: blue;">fascinating models</span></a></span></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sign up for Brilliant at
brilliant.org. They offer a large number of excellent problem-solving based courses
in computer science, artificial intelligence, and mathematics. They even have
courses specifically for Python and neural networks. I still use it weekly and
it is very helpful.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You will want to create an account
on GitHub so that you can host all of the code that you will be writing so
other people can access it. I have posted a few annotated beginner’s tutorial
Python scripts on GitHub, and you can see them here: <i><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://gist.github.com/jaredreser"><span style="color: blue;">https://gist.github.com/jaredreser</span></a></span></u></i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I strongly recommend ordering an
Arduino starters kit. They will send you a number of electronics parts,
sensors, and motors. You use them to build you own gadgets and robots. You
upload the code from your computer to the Arduino microcontroller and get it to
do all sorts of interesting things. The best part is that you can see all of
the code, and can rewrite or alter the code if you wish. Check it out here: <i><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.arduino.cc/"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.arduino.cc/</span></a></span></u>
You might also try out the Google AIY products.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here is a list of some of my
favorite books on AI in order of preference:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Engineering General Intelligence by
Ben Goertzel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How Machines Think by Sean Gerrish<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consciousness and Robot Sentience by
Pentti Haikonen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Master Algorithm by Pedro Domingos<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Human Compatible by Stuart Russel <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Understanding Neural Networks by
John Iovine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Automate the Boring Stuff with
Python by Al Sweigart<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The AGI Revolution by Ben Goertzel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artificial Intelligence by Melanie
Mitchell<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On Intelligence by Jeff Hawkins<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Superintelligence by Nick Bostrom<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How to Create a Mind by Ray Kurzweil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deep Learning by Yoshua Bengio<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Introduction to AI by Philip Jackson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Age of Spiritual Machines by Ray
Kurzweil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Our Own Image by George
Zarkadakis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Life 3.0 by Max Tegmark<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Sentient Machine by Amir Hussain<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beyond Artificial Intelligence by
Alain Cardon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bayes’ Rule with Python by James V
Stone<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Information Theory by James V Stone <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rebooting AI by Marcus and Davis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Second Machine Age Brynjolfsson
and McAfee<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You might also want to check out my
blog post on building your own computer for AI tinkering: <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.observedimpulse.com/2020/03/how-to-build-your-own-computer-and-set.html"><span style="color: blue;">How To Build Your Own AI-Ready Computer</span></a></span></u><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-59483870614071877112020-10-08T18:00:00.009-07:002022-02-02T03:59:19.881-08:00How to Prepare Your Data and Brain to Have Your Mind Uploaded to a Computer<p>This blog post will discuss life extension by means of
artificial intelligence. There are two main methods. You can 1) use data
collected about you to build an avatar of yourself, or 2) use actual memories
from your brain and upload them to a computer. Both of these methods are
currently in the realm of science fiction, but they may be viable within our
lifetime. Thus it might be worth your time to act now to increase the odds that
you achieve digital immortality. Namely you could choose to preserve your data
and your brain so that they are available to be uploaded to a computer when the
technology matures.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">In my opinion, the technology necessary
for a brain upload will probably not be developed by humans within the lifetime
of any person living today. The brain is simply too complex. However, I think that
if humans are able to develop a superintelligent AI and that AI tasks itself
with developing the methodology and equipment necessary then it may be possible
within our lifetime. Lucky for us, if you were to die today you could still
arrange to have your brain preserved so that it is available for upload in the
future.<span style="color: #c0504d;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I am quite confident that even if you were to die next
month, current techniques are capable of preserving your brain in enough detail
that you could be resurrected from the data in the future. Just paying to have
your brain preserved though, does not ensure that it will be uploaded. However,
it is quite possible that merely preserving it will increase the odds that it
will be uploaded by altruistic scientists in the future. As we will discuss, it
is not clear if this upload will be a vessel for your current, sentient
consciousness or just an uncanny replica of your memories and personality. Because
brain preservation is an opportunity that is just now becoming available to
humanity I think we should all look into it, and consider it. However, because
the outcome is uncertain we should also make an effort to make peace with the
fact that we may be mortal and will never have our mind uploaded. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Creating an Avatar
from Data<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">You certainly don’t need a physical brain to construct a
decent simulation of a human being. Instead you could take data from a person,
living or dead, and attempt to reconstruct their personality and likeness. You
could do this for a person like Aristotle (385-323 BC) by programming it to
reflect his writings, and everything we know about him. But a much more precise
simulation could be made of someone like Bertrand Russel (1872-1970) who we
have actual photographs and video of. Even using today’s technology specialists
could take recorded conversations, photographs, and video footage of a person
and combine it with a generic chatbot to create a convincing digital simulation
of someone. Just a minute of video footage of someone talking can be fed into
an artificial neural network to create a highly realistic “deep fake” of both
their voice and their appearance. So if you want to have a chance at recreating
a parent or grandparent (or yourself) you ought to start collecting data on
them now. There are many kinds of easy-to-procure data that could help to
create a digital recreation of someone in the absence of a brain specimen. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A default AI capable of holding a conversation and reasoning
effectively could form a starting point. It would amount to a generic
reproduction of the brain’s algorithms and data structures. Then it could be
updated with a specific individual’s characteristics, and eccentricities. The
more data you have on that person the more realistic the simulation. Here is a
list that I brainstormed of sources of data that could help to describe someone
as an individual and thus could be used to help fashion their digital identity:
<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection2">
<p class="MsoNormal">photos, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">home videos, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">emails, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">letters, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">art, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">creative work, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">diary, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">voice memos, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">SMS texts, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">phone call log, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">search engine history, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">internet browsing history, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">books read (Kindle, Goodreads), <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">their videogame records (trophies, scores), <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">music playlists, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">movies and television<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Netflix viewing history), <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">youtube history, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">recorded phone calls, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">social network, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">social media posts and likes, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">map and GPS history, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">travel history, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">vitals & body measurements, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">medical records, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">structural brain scans (MRI), <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">functional brain scans (fMRI), <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">psychological evaluations, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">personality tests, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">psychometric tests, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">school records, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">standardized testing, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">yearbooks, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">surveillance records, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">legal and medical history, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">wardrobe, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">childhood toys, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">belongings and property, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">online purchase history,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">genome sequence, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">epigenome sequence, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">videos of their gait, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">habits, mannerisms, posture, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">terms, phrases and colloquialisms, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">a list of their values, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">a description of their morals, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">ethical stances, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">spiritual convictions, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">recounting of fondest memories, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">pictures of their homes, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">historical setting,</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p></div>
<p class="MsoNormal">You could certainly start gathering, saving, and
safeguarding this kind of data for yourself today. I am sure that in the near
future there will be businesses that help people to curate their data. Such a
business might also help to create a structured self-report questionnaire that
asks people questions about their likes and dislikes, and interrogates them
about what makes them unique, interesting, and sets them apart from others.
Such a questionnaire should ask about things that would not be obvious from the
person’s data. You could fill out the questionnaire about yourself, or about
your loved one. Some of this data might equate to a binary setting (e.g. I like
loud people or I don’t), but some of it could be used to train artificial
neural networks to create a convincing simulacrum of the person in question. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">You could also collect data using detailed 3D photographic
scans and motion capture video in a performance capture environment. This could
help the system to accurately recreate the person’s lip movements, facial
expressions, microexpressions, eye movements, pupil dilation, sweating, intonation,
speech patterns, voice stress, and much more. Clearly this method could create
a convincing copy or mimic, but without a brain specimen it certainly wouldn’t
qualify as a form of life extension.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Creating a Digital
Reconstruction Based on Brain Data<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Life extension through brain preservation began in earnest
with the freezing of bodies. Cryonics is the low temperature freezing of a
human corpse or severed head with the hope that resurrection will be possible
in the future. Robert Ettinger first discussed it when he published “The
Prospect of Immortality” in 1962. Since then there have been many companies
that offer the service of keeping corpses in vats of liquid nitrogen. Cryonics
is often characterized as pseudoscience, and those that practice it have been
called quacks, but as the relevant technologies develop this will change. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are currently three such cryopreservation companies in
the U.S. and one in Russia. As of 2014 about 250 corpses had been cryogenically
preserved, and around 1,500 living people had signed up for preservation. When
a customer opts to just have their brain and not their body preserved it is
called “neuropreservation.” Of course, this is cheaper. Depending on the
company and the method, cryopreservation can set you back anywhere from $28,000
to $200,000. There are a number of costs: medical personnel have to be on call
for death, the body must be transported quickly to the facility, the
preservation process has to be performed by medical experts, and the body must
be stored indefinitely. In many cases individuals set up a trust fund to cover
storage and revival costs. The cost of cooling and storage have already shown
to be substantial. Many cryonics corporations have gone into bankruptcy. In
fact, as of 2018, all but one of those that came before 1973 had gone out of
business and were forced to thaw and dispose of the corpses that they stored.
Consider the fact that most businesses have a one in one thousand chance of
surviving even one hundred years and you get an idea for how tenuous this is in
its current form.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Initially the idea was to freeze a body until medical
science advances to a point where it can be reanimated and treated medically.
However, freezing temperatures cause damage to tissues and cause individual
cells to break, destroying the information stored in the connections between
them. Certain chemicals called “cryoprotectants” can prevent ice formation
during cryptopreservation but they also cause damage making it so that the
corpse cannot be reanimated. These limitations of cryonics have led to other
options.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A company called Nectome uses a chemical called
glutaraldehyde to perform a “100% fatal brain preservation” procedure. It is
fatal because the procedure creates chemical crosslinks between protein
molecules that eliminate biological viability. So unlike with freezing, the brain
can never be resuscitated… but it can still be mapped. It must be doused in the
glutaraldehyde quickly after death though. The brain’s cells start to break
apart and die (the cell membranes rupture) soon after death due to lack of
oxygen. This is why this procedure must be performed either immediately after
death or on a live person under general anesthesia. In the second case it is a
form of assisted suicide or voluntary euthanasia. Why would someone want to
undergo this procedure? So that their brain could be mapped, transcribed into
digital data, and reconstituted within a machine. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The molecular details of a brain would probably not be
needed to create a high fidelity map, but the cellular details would be
essential. All of the person’s neural connections (their connectome) including
cell type and location, information about the cell membrane and intracellular
structure, as well as the positions of hundreds of millions of axons and
trillions of synapses would have to be scanned by a computer. There are around
100 billion neurons in the human brain. Given that each of these can have up to
1,000 connections to other neurons each, that gives us 100 trillion neural
connections to hold in computer memory and model. A brain map or connectivity
database of the anatomic connections of a human brain has been estimated to
occupy less than 20,000 terabytes. Today this would cost over $300,000, but in
a few decades this price will drop significantly.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To upload the connections the brain must be cut into
extremely fine slices and scanned with an electron microscope. This is done
today, but currently it is done very slowly, and no human brain has ever been
mapped in its entirety. If the procedure could be fully automated like gene
sequencing has been automated in the last two decades it could become quick and
cheap. It is pretty easy to envision a distant future where there are automated
factories that takes preserved brains from the past and reanimate them
digitally. It may sound absurd, but this could be our salvation: a fountain of
youth, a portal to immortal godhood, and a source for eternal life.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This process of scanning a brain and copying or transferring
it to a computer is called whole brain emulation or mind uploading. The neurons
could be simulated by hardware and the software they run would come from the
mapped brain. If this was attempted today it would have to run on silicon
microchips, but by the time this becomes viable other forms of hardware may be
available such as optical, neuromorphic, or quantum computing. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">You wouldn’t want to be among the first to be resurrected
because the tech will exhibit exponential improvement and the early methods
will be less effective, and more destructive to brain tissue. So you would want
to stipulate in your will, trust, or contract that you would like to wait until
the technology fully matures. This may be hundreds or even thousands of years
after it becomes technically feasible.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Most leading experts today believe that advancements in AI,
computer science, and brain mapping will come together to result in artificial
consciousness. An uploaded mind with artificial consciousness could inhabit a
robot situated in the real world, or could be situated in virtual reality or cyberspace.
Transhumanists and futurists see mind uploading as the most viable form of life
extension technology. There are definite benefits in leaving our organic
components behind. If we were made of metal, fiberglass, and silicon we could
better withstand accidents, damage, the vacuum of space, and the passage of
time. Mind uploading could even help humanity survive a catastrophe on Earth if
it were to become inhospitable to biological life.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To help you recreate a person it might also help to mine
your, or another person’s, memories of them. For example, if your brain had
been uploaded you could use your memories of your grandparent to help recreate
them, or to help train the system that is attempting to emulate them. If a
pet’s brain could be restructured digitally it could be mined for a very high
level of detail about someone’s movements and emotional reactions. The digital
memories of whole families could be used to reconstitute each other with even
higher fidelity. One could also collect information about (or mine the brains
of) teachers, classmates, childhood friends, roomates, coworkers, etc., and use
these to refine and reconcile a model of someone. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Once you are dead, you won’t be in any hurry to be brought
back to life. You will be unconscious until you are resurrected so it will feel
as if no time passed at all, even if it took one thousand years to resurrect
you. If the procedure is done properly the new version of you should remember
his/her last day like it was yesterday. However, you may not be able to recall
the last few hours before your death because the chemical and electrical
changes responsible for short-term memory would not have had the time they
needed to be changed (consolidated) into physical changes responsible for
long-term memory. These traces are very subtle and are likely to be very
difficult to ascertain and record.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Would It Really Be
You?<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Would minds that have been uploaded retain a sense of
historical identity with their past self or would it be like being replaced by
a twin or doppelganger? If performed exactingly the mind upload technique would
probably result in a person that even our friends and family could not tell
apart from us. This new person themselves might even be convinced that they are
us, but that doesn’t mean that we are them. The important question would be:
“Would we feel like our sense of consciousness and personal continuity
continued to live on in this system? Would we experience identity perseverance
through time after having our mind uploaded from our body? Or would we be
effectively dead?” Personally I don’t think any kind of technology developed in
the next hundred years would allow us to feel like we have woken up within a
machine. But thousands of years from now, that may be a possibility.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Take the teleporter from Star Trek for instance. When
Captain Kirk steps into the machine his cells and molecules are read by it and
the data it collects is used to create a perfect copy of him in some other
location. As this is taking place his original body is destroyed, but the new
copy has all of his knowledge and memories, and even perfect recollection of
the thoughts he was having before he entered the machine. But let’s be honest,
the original Captain Kirk was killed. If his body had not been destroyed in the
process, there would be two of him, but neither would feel like they were two
people. In fact, it would be possible to convince the original Kirk that the
teleportation hadn’t worked and he would have no way of knowing that he had an
exact double on another planet. He would feel no psychic connection with it. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some scientists have speculated there are two ways to
overcome this problem: 1) you could slowly turn off a person’s brain as you
slowly turn on its digital recreation as if you were pouring the contents of
one container into another, and 2) you could gradually replace neurons with
their electronic equivalents one by one until the entire brain had been
replaced. I don’t think the first solution solves the problem. I think the
second one might if done properly, but is too messy and complicated to be
feasible in the next several hundred years. The second technique is analogous
to the thought experiment of “the ship of Theseus.” Theseus gradually replaced
the parts of his ship until the whole ship had been updated, but the question
considered by philosophers is: “Is it still fundamentally the same ship?” It is
important to point out that both of these methods requires a living person and
could not be performed with a “neuropreserved” brain. Can there be continuity
between two selves separated by death?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The feeling that you are the same person that you were 5 or
even 50 years ago, involves an illusion. You are not that same person today.
Your interests, memories, and values have changed substantially. Keep in mind
that every year 98% of all of the atoms in the body are replaced. In fact, when
you wake up in the morning you are not the same person you were when you went
to bed. Billions of connections throughout your brain were altered while you
slept. We even lose continuity every time we take a mind altering substance.
Accidental drowning, near death experiences, coma, anesthesia, hard drugs like
psychedelics, and the passage of time all cause the erosion of neurological
continuity and personal identity. What would it mean for you to die, and then
have a version of you be resurrected 10 or 100 years later? Would that be
similar to the case of Star Trek teleportation? Or would it be a just another
example of imperfect continuity that we already accept and take for granted?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ok, here is a simple hypothetical. Imagine being teleported
to a base on the moon. If your previous body was destroyed your personal
conscious awareness would be annihilated with it despite the fact that your
duplicate will behave as if it was you. But now imagine that rather than being
transported to the moon, you are merely transported three feet to the right.
Same outcome right? Ok, imagine that you are transported one nanometer (a
billionth of a meter) to the right. What if your duplicate was compiled in the
exact space that you take up now, perhaps using the same atoms and molecules?
It would feel like it was you, but would you feel like you were it? This
hypothetical scenario tells me that there is something illusory about the
persistence of personal identity through time. You are not the same person who
started reading this paragraph, or even this sentence. You might as well have
been duplicated multiple times.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Not only has your brain changed physically and chemically
every morning when you wake up, but countless physical vibrations and
electromagnetic rays have passed through it. Because the Earth revolves around
the sun, and the solar system revolves around the Milky Way your brain is now
in a vastly distant location than it was when you went to sleep last night.
During your eight hours of sleep trillions of tiny microscopic changes have
taken place in your brain due to metabolism, homeostasis, learning, and
entropy. Because of these constant changes, continuity in your personhood is
broken down on submillisecond time scales even when you are awake, so it’s not
clear how important it is that your uploaded AI brain feels 100% continuity of
consciousness with your previous biological self. What is really important is
to preserve as much of the identity, values, creativity, intelligence, and
humanity as possible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Costs and
Benefits to Humanity<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To some people mind uploading sounds creepy and unnecessary,
but even these people must admit that it accomplishes the goal of preserving
interesting and important data as well as preserving the diversity of our
species and of intelligent life on Earth. Each person has their own perspective,
insights, and intuitions. Is it wise to just let these decompose with the rest
of the body? Historians go to great lengths to preserve books, cultures,
languages, movies, and even videogames. Our societies preserve mummies in
museums and academics try to make all possible inferences about historical
figures and events from prehistory through antiquity, and on through to the
present age. Why wouldn’t we want to preserve brains and minds?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Because uploaded minds could be run within a simulation
there would be few costs. If it costs pennies, creates no waste, and does not
contribute to pollution or overpopulation, wouldn’t it be preferable to have a
digital version of your grandparents? Why not? In the future, if these uploads
didn’t require a lot of energy or take up a lot of space, I can see
corporations or even the government getting involved and making sure that
corporations in the business of brain preservation that fail do not trash their
corpses because of the value of the information that they contain. If two heads
are better than one, doesn’t that mean that we want as many heads as possible?
Why not have a communal system of digital intelligences? In comic books and
science fiction it is already a staple. For instance Marvel comics alone has
the Xandar World Mind, The Kree Supreme Intelligence, the Phalanx hive mind,
and the Eternal’s Unimind. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If the costs to running uploaded brains are inconsequential
then there will not be many barriers. In the distant future the computer memory
and processing resources needed to run the equivalent of a human brain will be
very small. Your brain uses about the same amount of electricity as a 60 watt
lightbulb and this could be reduced dramatically by technology. Moore’s law and
Kurzweil’s law of accelerating returns suggest that this could happen in just a
few hundred years. If you could run millions of lives in their own chosen
simulated realities on something like a phone, wouldn’t you? Of course it would
have to be overseen by some kind of ethical governing body because there are
ways it could go wrong.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are certainly some risks and downsides. Your brain
could be destroyed accidentally (or on purpose) before you are brought back.
This is a problem because, as of today there is no way to back it up. Even more
disturbingly, your brain could be stolen and placed inside of a nightmare
simulation. It would be possible for a malicious person to upload you to a
computer, enhance your senses and intelligence one millionfold and then subject
you to the worst torture imaginable for the rest of eternity. You would be
totally disembodied, with no way to reach out to your own hardware, so you
could not commit suicide, and there would be nothing you could do to escape.
This is a serious concern, especially given that this could happen to people,
or even to copies of people, and the device involved could be hidden so that
any kind of law enforcement that exists at the time would have trouble finding
it. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Acclaimed futurologist and inventor Ray Kurzweil believes
that he will live long enough to be digitized before he dies. He is currently
72, but he points out that technology and medicine are advancing exponentially
and thus should be able to keep him alive long enough to see the next major
advancement. He uses the analogy of a bridge to another bridge to describe how
future medicine will be able to keep extending lifespan until brain emulation
technology finally matures.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Let’s assume that brain emulation technology will be
feasible by the year 2100. For someone who is 70 today to reach this time the
medicine of the future will have to be able to extend their lifespan to 150.
Experts in gerontology estimate that almost everyone would develop Alzheimer’s
if they lived to be 130. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, even
if you died with profound Alzheimer’s and severe memory loss, the data could
still be mined, and your synthetic brain could be free of Alzheimer’s and have
full recall. Much of Alzheimer’s disease is an issue of data access due to
reduced brain metabolism. In most cases it is not necessarily an issue of
complete loss of memory traces (although cell death and brain shrinkage are
issues). Thus much of the mental aging or cognitive morbidity you suffered in
old age could be reversed, because increasing the energy output of an
artificial brain would be as easy as turning a knob.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Upgrading Your Own
Hardware<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I would want to live forever, even if it meant that I had to
remain in virtual reality within a computer. This is partly because very soon,
virtually reality will be much more interesting and stimulating that actual
reality. Just look at the progress in videogames and computers in the last 40
years. Think about the jump from Pong to a game like Red Dead Redemption 2. We
have gone from simple sprite graphics to vast, photorealistic, polygonal worlds.
Virtual reality will become insanely immersive within our lifetime and its
quality will continue to increase exponentially. But the digital environment
won’t be the only thing that shows exponential progress. Your mind and
consciousness will too. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Today our brains are stuck at a fixed energetic capacity
because our hunting and gathering ancestors could only find so much food in a
day. Our neurological blueprint is encumbered by the metabolic constraints of
our past. Not so for machines. You could easily turn up the juice on an AI. You
could increase the processing power and speed easily. You could add as many
neurons and synapses as you want. This would expand the level of consciousness.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Working memory, and intelligence, could be expanded millions
of times. There would be many ways to do this but one of the most interesting
ways would be to manipulate something called “sustained firing.” The ability of
neurons in the brain’s association areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, to
engage in sustained firing allows them to maintain whatever information they
encode for as long as they keep firing. This firing can last up to a minute at
a time and allows us to keep specific representations active for sustained
periods. If we didn’t have this ability we could not have a train of thought
and thus. Sustained firing in humans lasts for longer than any other animal,
but if it was made even longer then we would be less forgetful, near-sighted,
and impulsive, and far more intelligent. Merely, increasing the duration of
sustained firing in an AI could vastly expand its awareness and mental
capabilities. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Using techniques like these to amplify the working memory of
a digitally reanimated brain would result in interesting abilities. A digital
brain that could coactivate many more parameters and specifications (memory
fragments) would perform searches for associations with much more specificity.
This could result in the ability to completely recall events that a biological
brain could not. This could allow you to recover distant memories that you have
long since forgotten. In fact, you might be capable of remembering virtually
any semantic knowledge that you had acquired before (such as facts about the
world), and also a great deal of episodic memory (such as minute details about
every birthday you ever had). <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If the hardware and software is consistently upgraded your
intelligence and knowledge will grow geometrically. Constant tweaks, additions,
and improvements to our artificial minds would cause us to rapidly gain
computational power in the same way that computers did in the last 70 years.
Thus as we aged we would consistently get smarter. Each day you would think
faster and more comprehensively. But even more excitingly, this computational
power would enhance our very sentience. We could become incomprehensibly
intelligent and commune with other superintelligent beings in fantastic ways.
Imagine a hyperintelligent future version of yourself that was able to engage
in a form of profound post verbal communication with hundreds of other entities
simultaneously. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Imagine learning new fields of science, mathematics, and
engineering in seconds and having the mental wherewithal to put them to use
creating not only new theories, but practical uses as well. You will be free to
learn about, explore, and contribute to whatever endeavors, or lines of
progress you wish. You will also be able to watch all of the fantastic social,
scientific, and technological advancements and breakthroughs being made by
others. Imagine living in the year 30,000 and having encyclopedic knowledge of
everything that has happened and everything that has been discovered. The
neural circuits associated with physical and emotional pain could be cut out,
and those associated with pleasure, excitement, and love could be amplified. Imagine
living in a cyberspace afterlife paradise with trillions of times more
cognitive resources than you have now. I want that. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is pretty clear that missing out on brain uploading may be
like missing out on heaven. It has the potential to provide everyone alive
today with eternal bliss, replete with endless knowledge, superintelligence,
limitless growth, incomprehensible beauty, and unlimited connection. So you
might want to start looking into curating your data, and preserving your brain.
As we have discussed though, for people alive this century the desire for a
postmortem existence could all be in vain, and for that reason we should also
come to peace with the idea that we may not be immortal. Also we should not let
the specter of digital immortality in any way diminish the value of a good and
worthwhile life, or our sense of peace with the natural way of things.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Here are some lists of a few of my favorite things:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Favorite Comic Book Artists</span></b><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Arthur Adams</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Jim Lee</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">John Romita Jr.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Jose Luis Garcia Lopez</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">John Byrne</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Frank Frazetta</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">George Perez</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Mike Deodato Jr.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Esad Ribic</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Olivier Coipel</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Leinil Francis Yu</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Daniel Acuna</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Jack Kirby</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">David Finch</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Humberto Ramos</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Whilce Portacio</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Jae Lee</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Ariel Olivetti</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Rob Liefeld</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Jim Cheung</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Eric Larson</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Joe Madureira</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Todd McFarlane</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Frank Cho</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Paul Smith</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">J Scott Campbell</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Sam Keith</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Alex Ross</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Frank Miller</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Mark Silvistri</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Bill Sienkiewicz</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Bob McLeod</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Carmine Infantino</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Akira Toriyama</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Chris Bachalo</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Greg Capullo</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Brian Stelfreeze</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Jerome Opena</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Steve Ditko</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Bob Kane</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Peter Laird</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Steve Englehart</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Jim Starlin</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Walt Simonson</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Art Thibert</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Bruce Timm</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Steve Epting</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Jason Fabok</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">David Cockrum</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Marko Djurdjevic</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Jim Valentino</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Mark Texeira</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Dale Keown</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Mark Bagley</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Paul Ryan</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Jim Steranko</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Rod Reis</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">John Romita Sr.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Andy Kubert</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Bryan Hitch</span><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Favorite
Comic Book Writers</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Brian Michael Bendis <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Chris Claremont <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Stan Lee <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Geoff Johns <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mark Millar <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Louise Simonson <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Jonathan Hickman <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Kurt Busiek <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Chuck Dixon <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Jim Starlin <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">John Byrne <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Matt Fraction <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Alan Moore <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Scott Lobdell <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">David Michelinie <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Larry Hama <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Marv Wolfman <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Grant Morrison <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Jeff Loeb <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Neil Gaiman <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ed Brubaker <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Jason Aaron <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Frank Miller <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Fabian Nicieza <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Walter Simonson <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Rick Remender <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dan Slott <br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Warren Ellis</span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Roger Stern</span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Scott Snyder</span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Mark Waid</span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Peter David</span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Brian K Vaughn</span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Grant Morrison</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Favorite TV Shows<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Office<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Twilight Zone<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Simpsons<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Batman the Animated Series<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Planet Earth<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jeopardy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rick and Morty<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Black Mirror<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Married with Children<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">TMNT <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Family Guy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Wonder Years<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">He man<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">G.I. Joe<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Transformers<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">16.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ducktails<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">17.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">MacGyver<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">18.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">X-Men<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">19.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Fresh Prince of Belair<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">20.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dragon Ball<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">21.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Martin<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">22.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ren & Stimpy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">23.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Star Trek New Generation<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">24.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">In Living Color<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">25.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Knight Rider<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">26.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">The X-Files<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">27.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chapelle’s show<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">28.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">South Park<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">29.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">The A-Team<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">30.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lassie<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">31.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Miami Vice<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">32.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Muppet Babies<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">33.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">American Dad<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">34.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thunder Cats<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">35.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Superman Animated Series<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">36.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">That 70s show<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">37.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Magnum PI<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">38.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Looney Toons<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">39.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Are you afraid of the dark<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">40.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Spider-Man<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">41.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Review<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">42.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Reading Rainbow<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">43.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cops<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">44.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Real Ghostbusters<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">45.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Arsenio Hall<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">46.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">47.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Saturday Night Live<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">48.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nathan for You<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">49.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Stranger Things<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;">50.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mr. Ed</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Favorite Movies:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">2001 A Space
Odyssey <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pinocchio<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Memento<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Akira
Kurosawa‘s Dreams <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Joker<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Karate Kid<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Never Ending Story<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Master<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Rain Man<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Shining<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There Will Be Blood<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Akira <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Aliens<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Alice in Wonderland<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Raiders of the Lost Arc<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Street Fighter II
Animated Movie<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Limitless<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Guardians of the Galaxy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Her<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Goonies<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">My Octopus Teacher<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Planes Trains and Automobiles
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background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; 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background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">A List of my Favorite Games (in
order)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Street Fighter Alpha 3<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Arcade<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Grand Theft Auto Vice City<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">SVC Chaos<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Max Payne 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tetris<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Astroneer<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Beat Sabre<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Capcom vs. SNK <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tomb Raider<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rez<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sonic the Hedgehog<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Street Fighter 4<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Punisher Arcade<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Assassin’s Creed Discovery Tours<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">16.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dead or Alive 3<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">17.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Panzer Dragoon<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">18.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Grand Theft Auto San Andreas<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">19.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Turning Test<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">20.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Onimusha Dawn of Dreams<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">21.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Last Blade 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">22.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Katamari Damacy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">23.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mark of the Wolves<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">24.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Devil May Cry<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">25.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Samurai Showdown 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">26.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fez<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">27.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aliens Versus Predator Arcade<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">28.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Portal<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">29.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bubble Bobble<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">30.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">NBA Jam<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">31.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mario Kart Double Dash<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">32.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Red Dead Redemption<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">33.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">X-Men Arcade<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">34.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Super Mario Brothers 3<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">35.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mortal Kombat 3<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">36.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Abzu<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">37.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Injustice 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">38.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mario Galaxy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">39.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rime<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">40.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Journey<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">41.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tekken 3<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">42.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Call of Duty Modern Warfare<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">43.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">King of Fighters ‘02<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">44.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Soul Calibur 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">45.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hulk Ultimate Destruction<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">46.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Halo<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">47.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dynasty Warriors<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">48.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Riddick Escape from Butcher Bay<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">49.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Capcom Fighting Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">50.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Virtual On<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">51.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Killswitch<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">52.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Flower<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">53.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Batman PSVR<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">54.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mega Man 6<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">55.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gears of War<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">56.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Burnout Take Down<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">57.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metal Slug<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">58.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sengoku 3<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">59.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">X-Men Children of the Atom<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">60.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Firewatch<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">61.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Last Guardian<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">62.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dynasty Warriors<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">63.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cadillacs and Dinosaurs<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">64.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Captain America and the Avengers<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">65.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dragon Ball Z<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">66.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Spiderman Miles Morales<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">67.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Final Fight<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">68.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Captain Commando<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">69.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Indiana Jones and the fate of Atlantis<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">70.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Joe Joe’s Bizarre Adventure<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">71.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Marvel Superheroes versus Streetfighter<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">72.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Red Earth<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">73.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tatsunoko vs. Capcom<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">74.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sawblade<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">75.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mario Sunshine<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">76.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Twisted Metal 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">77.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">World Heroes to Jet<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">78.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Virtua Fighter 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">79.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">X-Men versus Streetfighter<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">80.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Zelda<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">81.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mario Odyssey<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">82.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ultimate Spiderman<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">83.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">King of Fighters 96<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">84.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Marvel vs. Capcom 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">85.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Red Dead Redemption 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">86.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">God of War<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">87.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Soul Calibur<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">88.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Grand Theft Auto 5<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">89.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Onimusha 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">90.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Streets of Rage 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">91.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fist of the North Star<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">92.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Captain Toad Treasure Tracker<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">93.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Marvel’s Avengers<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">94.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">DBZ Budokai<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">95.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rampage<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">96.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Yakuza<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">97.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Battle Arena Toshinden<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">98.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dante’s Inferno<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">99.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Resident Evil <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">100.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ghosts of Tsushima<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">Jared Reser’s 100 Favorite Rappers <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">This list is
not based on bars, rhyming, wordplay, entendre, body of work, or impact. I just
don’t value lyrics that much. For me rap is all about melody, cadence, vocal
arrangement, and style, and that is how I came to these rankings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></p><div class="WordSection2">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tupac<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Warren G<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">50 Cent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Notorious BIG<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Prodigy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kurupt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lil Wayne<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Too Short<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Drake<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kanye West<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">LL Cool J<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">DMX<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nate Dogg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ma$e<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Fabolous<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Camron<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Xzibit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">19.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Young Thug<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">20.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ludacris<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">21.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Daz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">22.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Busta Rhymes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">23.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">E 40<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">24.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Snoop Dogg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">25.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">TI<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">26.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Pusha T<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">27.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Method Man<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">28.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Gucci Mayne<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">29.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ice Cube<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">30.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rakim<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">31.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">J Cole<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">32.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Foxy Brown<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">33.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jadakiss<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">34.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Travis Scott<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">35.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">MC Eiht<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">36.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Slick Rick<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">37.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Roddy Rich<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">38.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Andre 3000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">39.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kendrick Lamar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">40.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rick Ross<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">41.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lil Kim<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">42.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">MC Hammer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">43.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Future<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">44.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nelly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">45.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Young Dro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">46.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Fetty Wap<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">47.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Pitbull<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">48.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Redman<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">49.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Uncle Luke<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">50.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dr. Dre<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">51.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">WC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">52.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ol Dirty Bastard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">53.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Craig Mack<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">54.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rappin 4-Tay<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">55.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dom Kennedy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">56.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Missy Elliott<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">57.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Juvenile<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">58.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Big L<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">59.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kid Ink<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">60.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nicki Minaj<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">61.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Coolio<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">62.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Raekwon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">63.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ghostface<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">64.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mack 10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">65.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Big Sean<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">66.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">MC Lyte<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">67.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Twista<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">68.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jeezy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">69.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">YG<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">70.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Big Pun<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">71.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lauryn Hill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">72.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Common<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">73.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Master P<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">74.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Meek Mill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">75.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bad Bunny<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">76.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mos Def<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">77.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Big Pun<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">78.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nipsey Hustle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">79.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">GZA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">80.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lil Durk<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">81.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Sage the Gemini<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">82.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Game<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">83.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Beanie Segal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">84.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tyga<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">85.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Andre Nickatina<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">86.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Eightball<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">87.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">BLXST<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">88.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Eazy-E<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">89.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Cardi B<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">90.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Wale<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">91.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">French Montana<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">92.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Juicy J<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">93.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Black Thought<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">94.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lupe Fiasco<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">95.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Quavo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">96.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Killer Mike<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">97.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Big Boi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">98.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">ASAP Rocky<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">99.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Chuck D<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">100.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Treach<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p></div><div class="WordSection3">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">Favorite 50 Rap Groups<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></p><div class="WordSection4">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mobb Deep<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tha Dogg Pound<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bone Thugs N Harmony<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Westside Connection<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">2 Live Crew<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">ONYX<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Gang Starr<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Migos<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Firm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Whodini<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">G Unit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">69 Boys<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rae Sremmurd<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Junior Mafia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Cash Money Millionaires<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Sugarhill Gang<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Fugees<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">A Tribe Called Quest<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">19.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Wreckx-n-Effect<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">20.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Three Six Mafia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">21.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Naughty By Nature<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">22.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Compton’s Most Wanted<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">23.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Wu-Tang Clan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">24.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kris Kross<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">25.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Luniz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">26.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Salt-N-Pepa<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">27.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Huncho Jack<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">28.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kid ‘n Play<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">29.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tag Team<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">30.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The LOX<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">31.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">EPMD<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">32.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dipset<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">33.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Whoridas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">34.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Flip Mode Squad<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">35.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Run DMC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">36.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">St. Lunatics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">37.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Timbaland and Magoo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">38.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Outlawz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">39.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ruff Ryders<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">40.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Alkaholiks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">41.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Young Money<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">42.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">ASAP Mob<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">43.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dove Shack<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">44.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">OFTB<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">45.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Goodie Mob<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">46.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Harlem World<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">47.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lost Boyz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">48.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Public Enemy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">49.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Wisin y Yandel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">50.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Grandmaster Flash & the Furious 5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">51.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">NWA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">52.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Geto Boys<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">53.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Roots<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">54.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Yin Yang Twin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">55.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Black Eyed Peas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">56.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Arrested Development<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">57.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Thug Life<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">58.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ultramagnetic MCs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">59.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Quad City DJs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">60.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ghost Town DJs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">61.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Goodie Mob<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">62.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Gorillaz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">63.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Boogie Down Productions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">64.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Das EFX<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">65.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Terror Squad<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">66.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">NERD<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">67.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Pharcyde<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">68.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Digital Underground<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">69.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Digable Planets<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">70.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jurassic Five<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">71.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dilated Peoples<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">72.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Do or Die<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">73.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Cypress Hill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">74.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">De La Soul<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">75.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">UGK<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">76.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">504 Boys<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">77.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Beatnuts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">78.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">De La Sol<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">79.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Da Lench Mob<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">80.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p></div><div class="WordSection5">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">Favorite 50 Rap Producers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
</span></p><div class="WordSection6">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">DJ Mustard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Havoc<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kanye West<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Johnny J<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Trackmasters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Daz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dj Quik<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Noah 40 Shebib<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Timbaland<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Battlecat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mike Will Made-It<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Puff Daddy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Boi-1da<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dr Dre<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Hitmen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Alchemist<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">DJ Premier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Warren G<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">19.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Juicy J & DJ Paul<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">20.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Soopafly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">21.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Zaytoven<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">22.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">DJ Khaled<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">23.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Metro Boomin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">24.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Hit-Boy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">25.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nashiem Myrick<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">26.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Erick Sermon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">27.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Just Blaze<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">28.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Manny Fresh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">29.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Swizz Beatz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">30.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">OG Parker<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">31.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rockwilder<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">32.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ant Banks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">33.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">DJ Pooh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">34.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Murda Beatz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">35.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">J Dilla<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">36.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">RZA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">37.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">London on da Track<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">38.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Neptunes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">39.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nitti Beat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">40.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Q-Tip<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">41.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Marley Marl<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">42.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Buddah Bless<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">43.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Hitmaka<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">44.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Large Professor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">45.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ron “Amenra” Lawrence<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">46.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">PK<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">47.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">No ID<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">48.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Irv Gotti<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">49.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Deric “D-Dot” Angelettie<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">50.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dame Grease<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">51.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Beats by the Pound<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">52.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lil Jon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">53.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Pete Rock<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">54.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Underdogs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">55.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Danja<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">56.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Drumma Boy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">57.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Organized Noise<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">58.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dutch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">59.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">9<sup>th</sup> Wonder<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">60.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rick Rubin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">61.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Medicine Men<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">62.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Scott Storch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">63.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lex Luger<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">64.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Madlib<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">65.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">MMG<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">Favorite 50 R&B Producers</span></b></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Babyface<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Devante Swang<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dallas Austin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">David Foster<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Quincy Jones<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rodney Jerkins<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Teddy Riley<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jermain Dupri<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Puff Daddy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Timbaland<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">LA Reid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Stevie J<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Daryl Simmons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Montel Jordan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Keith Crouch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Pharrell Williams<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Barry Gordy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">19.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jazze Pha<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">20.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Heavy D<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">21.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mario Winans<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">22.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Teddy Bishop<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">23.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Joe Thomas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">24.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">R Kelly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">25.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">James Ingram<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">26.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nick Ashford & Valerie Simpson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">27.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tim & Bob<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">28.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Soulshock & Karlin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">29.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Michael Bivins<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">30.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bryan-Michael Cox<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">31.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Missy Elliot<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">32.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Prince<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">33.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tricky Stewart<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">34.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Polow da Don<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">35.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kevin She’kspere Briggs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">36.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rich Harrison<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">37.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Norman Whitfield<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">38.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tricky Stewart<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">39.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Holland-Dozier-Holland<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">40.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Leon Sylvers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">41.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dre & Vidal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">42.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">D’Angelo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">43.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">44.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Narada Michael Walden<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">45.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Wycleff Jean<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">46.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rich Harrison<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">47.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Characters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">48.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Joyce Irby<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">49.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Foster & McElroy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">50.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Vincent Herbert<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">51.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Keith Sweat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">52.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Raphael Saadiq<br /></span></p></div><div class="WordSection9">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">Favorite 50 R&B Groups<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
</span></p><div class="WordSection10">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jodeci<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">New Edition<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Boyz 2 Men<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dru Hill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Blackstreet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Jackson 5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">SWV<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kool & The Gang<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">TLC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Gap Band<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Earth Wind and Fire<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Pretty Ricky<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Whispers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tony Toni Tone<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">LSG<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">112<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Isley Brothers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">En Vogue<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">19.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">K-ci & Jojo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">20.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Debarge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">21.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Parliament<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">22.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Temptations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">23.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">24.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Guy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">25.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Destiny’s Child<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">26.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Next<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">27.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mint Condition<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">28.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Silk Sonic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">29.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Commodores<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">30.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Cameo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">31.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bell Biv Devoe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">32.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Spinners<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">33.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Changing Faces<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">34.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mary Jane Girls<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">35.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Deele<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">36.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Shai<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">37.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The O’Jays<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">38.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Shalamar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">39.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Brownstone<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">40.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Soul For Real<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">41.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Allure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">42.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Jets<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">43.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Pointer Sisters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">44.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Az Yet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">45.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ohio Players<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">46.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Public Announcement<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">47.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">48.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Immature<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">49.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Troop<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">50.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Atlantic Starr<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">51.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">702<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">52.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Hi-Five<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">53.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mokenstef<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">54.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Men of Vision<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">55.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Soul II Soul<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">56.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Zhane<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">57.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">B2K<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">58.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Backstreet Boys<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">59.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Drifters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">60.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">H-Town<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">61.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Playa<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">62.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lucy Pearl<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">63.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ideal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">64.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Blaque<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">65.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">66.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Silk<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">67.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Another Bad Creation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">68.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Xscape<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">69.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Chi-Lites<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">70.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Supremes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">71.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Gladys Knight & the Pips<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">72.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">All-4-One<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">73.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">After 7<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">74.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">3LW<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">75.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jagged Edge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">76.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Four Tops<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">Favorite 100 R&B Singers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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</span></p><div class="WordSection12">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Whitney Houston<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Luther Vandross<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">R Kelly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Chris Brown<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mariah Carey<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Keith Sweat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Usher<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Michael Jackson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Joe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Lionel Richie<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Al Green<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rihanna<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Toni Braxton<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Chante Moore<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mary J Blidge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bobby Brown<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tinashe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ciara<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">19.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rick James<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">20.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Weeknd<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">21.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Stevie Wonder<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">22.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Shanice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">23.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Sade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">24.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Drake<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">25.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bryson Tiller<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">26.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Chaka Khan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">27.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">D Train<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">28.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Johnny Gill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">29.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Dream<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">30.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Beyonce<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">31.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Janet Jackson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">32.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nate Dogg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">33.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Brandy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">34.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tyrese Gibson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">35.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Marvin Gaye<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">36.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ginuwine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">37.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Donell Jones<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">38.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Anita Baker<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">39.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ne-Yo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">40.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ty Dolla Sign<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">41.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Aretha Franklin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">42.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Sisqo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">43.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tamia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">44.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Aaliyah<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">45.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">James Brown<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">46.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Patti LaBelle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">47.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ray Charles<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">48.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Trey Songz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">49.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Angela Winbush<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">50.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jeremih<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">51.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Montell Jordan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">52.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bruno Mars<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">53.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Brain Mc Knight<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">54.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Roger and Zapp<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">55.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Monica<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">56.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Alicia Keys<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">57.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Prince<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">58.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Gina Thompson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">59.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Omarion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">60.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Charlie Wilson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">61.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Vanessa Williams<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">62.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Summer Walker<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">63.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Barry White<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">64.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Amerie<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">65.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">TQ<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">66.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Alexander O’Neal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">67.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jacquees<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">68.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Freddie Jackson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">69.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ashanti<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">70.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Avant<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">71.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Uncle Sam<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">72.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mark Morrison<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">73.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Zhane<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">74.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Smokey Robinson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">75.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Trey Songz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">76.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bobby Valentino<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">77.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jon B<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">78.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Case<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">79.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Cherrelle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">80.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Billy Ocean<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">81.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">D’Angelo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">82.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Gerald Levert<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">83.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Diana Ross<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">84.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">David Hollister<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">85.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Aaron Hall<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">86.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">August Alsina<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">87.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Jhene Aiko<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">88.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Maxwell<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">89.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rita Ora<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">90.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Paula Abdul<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">91.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">George Clinton<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">92.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Christina Milian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">93.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Akon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">94.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Al B. Sure!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">95.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tina Turner<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">96.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Tory Lanez<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">97.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Sevyn Streeter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">98.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">T-Pain<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">99.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Raphael Saadiq<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
</div><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Helvetica",sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-41351045112597885812020-10-08T02:23:00.010-07:002020-10-08T18:09:31.912-07:00Breathe Diaphragmatically When Browsing Social Media<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">My friend Robert Boyle made an excellent podcast about
how he pairs diaphragmatic breathing with social media consumption. You can
listen to his show here:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/The-Robert-John-Boyle-Show-p1184237/</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">I was inspired by his podcast and asked him to
coauthor a blog entry about it with me:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Have you noticed that browsing social media can be
stressful? Do you ever feel breathless after reading certain posts, videos, or
comments? Much of social media is ripe with provocative content, the kind that
encourages anxiety and shallow breathing. In particular, posts that invoke an
opposing sociological or political point of view can force us to cut our breath
short, or even to hold our breath. This is a part of our body's instinctual,
defensive response to an attack or a perceived threat. Before we know it we
begin mounting counterattacks in our mind, our heart and breathing rate speed
up, and the stress hormones start to surge.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">In these moments, when we are drumming up a hypothetical
response, we breathe shallowly. The breathing centers of the brain respond as
if we were in the same room as the person who created the content we disagree
with. Once we move on and resume scrolling, we continue to breathe defensively
and become more susceptible to further negative reactions. Whether it is a
picture of a friend's gourmet meal, a video of someone else's expensive
vacation, or a photo of the body we wish we had, social media posts incite our
ego, our dopamine, and our adrenaline. This is why it is both addictive and
stressful.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">But by breathing long, full breaths as you peruse your
feed, you can consume the content without the shock, surprise, or negative
emotions. Actually, it’s very easy to do! Before you open Facebook, Instagram,
Reddit or whatever you use, simply start breathing with a breath metronome. The
metronomone will provide a visual, physical, or auditory cue so that you know
when to start breathing in, and when to start breathing out, without having to
time it on your own. When you are inhaling for more than 5 seconds, and
exhaling for more than 7 seconds at a time, the body's fear, anger, and startle
reactions are highly subdued. It’ll make your social media use less stressful,
and less addictive.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">When Robert uses this technique he sets an intention
to continue breathing diaphragmatically no matter what content he comes across.
He has noticed a few things. "First, despite paced breathing, a post or
comment can still make me uncomfortable. What's different now is that I have
developed an awareness of the type of content that has this power over me. This
has enabled me to understand what points of view I find repulsive, and to
investigate why I have such an instinctual reaction to them. Second, when I am
able to continue breathing on long intervals, I notice that I can consume a
piece of content that I disagree with, without pausing to develop a retort in
my head. It's a liberating experience!"</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Give it a shot and you should find that you are much
more self-possessed, and even-tempered when using social media.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">***</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Here are some of our favorite breathing apps:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">1) The app "Breathe 2 Relax" is available
for Apple and Android products.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">2) The Apple watch has a fantastic breath metronome.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">3) The youtube.com channel for Program Peace has free
breath metronomes like the one in the video below.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <o:p></o:p></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Robert John Boyle and Jared Reser<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yXZgazUm8Gg" width="480" youtube-src-id="yXZgazUm8Gg"></iframe></div><br /><span id="docs-internal-guid-f143ac7b-7fff-a498-950c-15ba605f03cf"><br /></span><p></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-79441765558472632452020-09-29T02:28:00.001-07:002020-09-29T02:28:21.058-07:00Don’t Let Your Face Mask Keep You From Breathing Full, Deep Breaths<p>In this time of COVID 19 and face mask use many people complain
that wearing a mask makes it hard to breathe. It does. By creating a seal
around your face the mask creates a small vacuum that opposes your inhalations. The effect is small but can be apparent. Once many people notice this they become uncomfortable and
do what most people do during discomfort. They start to breathe more shallowly,
and on shorter intervals. In other words, the mask triggers anxious breathing. This is bad, and this post will help you make sure that is not your outcome.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The fact that the face mask restricts your breath a small
amount is not inherently bad. In fact, it is good if used properly. Many athletes use breath restricting training masks to strengthen their respiratory system.
Your face mask is doing the same thing. You should think of the phenomenon as
strength building for your respiratory diaphragm. Having increased resistance
against your inhalations requires your thoracic and diaphragmatic muscles to
work harder, and this will make them stronger. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Wearing a face mask is similar to nasal
breathing. Breathing through the nose is harder, and requires more effort, than
breathing through the mouth because the nasal pathway is more narrow. However, studies show that nasal breathing is more healthy than mouth breathing partly because it keeps the breathing muscles strong and it is conducive to slow, deep breaths. Sadly though, when a
mouth breather tries to switch to nasal breathing it can be difficult for them and
is often uncomfortable. This is similar to the situation we find ourselves in
being forced to wear face masks.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The difference between a good experience that helps you better condition your respiratory system, and a negative
experience that builds trauma is all in the way that you appraise the
situation. When you notice your facemask making it slightly harder to breathe
embrace it as a positive thing: think about how your lungs are getting a workout, breathe a little harder, use a little more determination, and try to relax while doing it. Definitely don’t<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fight against it, let it make you resort to mouth breathing, or let it make you feel like
you are suffocating. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Part of responding positively to wearing a mask involves
ensuring that you are breathing deep breaths that last for three to seven seconds.
If instead you are breathing shallow breaths that last one second or less your
body will go into fight or flight, and you will appraise the experience as
traumatic. During these trying times, the last thing we need is a mandatory apparatus
causing us to hyperventilate, or strain or brace our muscles of respiration. So don’t let your mask contribute to your
stress. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For more information, and a helpful video, on proper
breathing check out the Program Peace website at: </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p><a href="https://programpeace.com/about/">https://programpeace.com/about/</a></p><p class="MsoNormal">More information about nasal breathing can be found here:<br /><br /><a href="https://programpeace.com/slow-nasal-breathing/">https://programpeace.com/slow-nasal-breathing/</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is also worth mentioning that having something touching
your nose and the area around it can increase the sneering response. The sneer
is a raising of the top lip and a display of the canines used in mammals that
are threatened or aggressive. The top of your face mask applies pressure to and
rubs against the skin and muscles involved in the sneer. This can cause you to
unconsciously sneer more than you usually do. Because sneering is a subordination
display in humans and monkeys and is also associated with the stress response,
sneering more is something that you don’t want to do. If you allow the face
mask to cause you to brace your sneer it will become further entrenched and the
muscles will become stiff, painful, and leave you looking threatened. Avoid
this. While you wear your mask ensure that your face is relaxed, your top lip
is relaxed, and you have a “straight upper lip.” More information can be found
about the sneer at <a href="https://programpeace.com/facial-massage/"><span style="color: blue;">https://programpeace.com/facial-massage/</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-4302236056270819342020-09-03T19:24:00.002-07:002020-09-03T22:49:52.746-07:00How to Create Your Own Retro Arcade Collection<p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Did you know that you can burn 15,000 games
onto a microSD card in under 2 hours? What does that mean? Let’s do some math.
If the average videogame in the 1900s took a team of 10 individuals 6 months of
work then that equates to around 10,000 person hours. When you multiply that by
15,000 games you get around 150 million person hours of work. That is a lot of time,
passion, and creativity to fit on a memory device that is smaller than a
fingernail. Then the fact that you can cycle through these alphabetically, and
watch nostalgic video clips of each one until you find a title you want to play
is pretty fantastic. The modern world of electronics and computer science is
pretty impressive.</span></p><div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">There are many ways to play, and amass a
collection of, retro videogames on your computer. Setting up and curating your
own custom “build” is fun, and can be a great introduction to certain aspects
of computer science. This blog post will cover a variety of ways to do this,
but will primarily focus on how to create backups for your videogame library
and play them on a tiny computer called a Raspberry Pi. First though, let’s
discuss how it can be done on a Windows PC.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="607" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMeeosqwN8DG0Bhm7XT2TGuDFRPn93ZajlvHT5yV-DWJs_Qs_hsqCzzXziAEpChfQvUxE8Hy7mGZ4UVz3uD0YN7RSwxXy-nxBMO49fqtS3WGtBNWH4ICjWkNwVd6hw3Khp5JwARc0imlpb/w625-h351/adfsda.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="625" /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Creating
an Arcade on Your Windows PC</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">As arcade cabinets from the 1900s age their
circuit boards decompose. The solder loosens and capacitors leak which damages the
connections. Many arcade machines from this era are already unplayable and many
of the games are considered obscure today and are no longer manufactured.
Emulation ensures that these titles can still be played.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="534" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOmgMvj21YmJN7vjwrRTTmZUKnJg_pyYlKhYClwk8Qt4r7onRxaPYmC5AXUfqX8lxSOS-1Ff1QM2Wv9hbjowHtsnTq3DjOe4rhZMP8ZjGHL2kFsOwzHmOuT3RiCzebyK4-8a8mpaAi__bF/w625-h351/dfddf.jpg" style="text-align: center;" width="625" /> </p></div><div class="WordSection1"><br /></div><div class="WordSection1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="WordSection1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The simplest way to play emulated games on
your PC is to through MAME, the multiple arcade machine emulator. You can
download MAME here: https://www.mamedev.org/ There are hundreds of free, public
domain games that you can find through browsing community servers. The software
is easy to use and you can expand your collection by downloading other games
from various websites. Websites like emuparadise.com offer a large selection of
games (scan everything you download for viruses). But MAME is mostly compatible
with arcade games, not console games.</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="667" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcyb2JD8pzzxGO9qKJfv7Zw3kEBVHOotzRwrq0N82H3Ae5qePFb1y0F8WQnHNnSjHD1iVY8hz0epair2kG1UarAyS_BDjIDvX270ZG77NpXsBxzmKFEJ6-eqTjLzArVK4H00rbBXz5bdB3/w625-h351/dfdgsda.jpg" width="625" /> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">To run console games, you may also opt for
other easy-to-use, free-to-download software. I recommend Retroarch and
Hyperspin. They will help you keep track of your games and the emulating
software that plays them. They also run MAME. Retroarch can be used with PC,
Linux, Apple OS, and Android. You can download these from their respective websites
to your computer and use them to catalog your game files. The game files are
typically called ROMS when they come from chips and cartridges and ISOs when they
originally come from discs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="RetroArch 1.7.2 - New display options in XMB interface! - YouTube" id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1062" style="height: 121.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 3in;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="667" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPyebCge2Biv-px672Ld_elevhmfT1WFYOl2wEWab7aHpA2-AjUboF_3e-v5o4fN1IAEOis3x9U-lEYuEKq98xqXARh1l1GvGF0GMgNWXbHAZNF3fO2jAj1WNV7lNdRV3Yl3R2EVL3qHxj/w625-h351/eeee.jpg" width="625" /></p><br /> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Hyperspin - MAME with all media - YouTube" id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1061" style="height: 122.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 216.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">It is important to mention that you should
own a physical copy of any game you plan to emulate. If you don’t then
downloading and playing them does constitute piracy. So think of your digital
collection as a backup of your actual collection. I used to collect retro
videogames from various consoles but found that having copies of them all on
one device was very convenient. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifMRKSZxgf8gfrfYxJY3PwJSowIdT-Wirut2Us-zg5a9JRntoNAoVAECTkcPDbcbxbe550v4OkMqIPyqkaIS7imGuQjo8km_QfCpjeUce6BNhfiU1qFYj2_nP7n_tAj5JI0DmZRpM20xrv/s636/ddd.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="636" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifMRKSZxgf8gfrfYxJY3PwJSowIdT-Wirut2Us-zg5a9JRntoNAoVAECTkcPDbcbxbe550v4OkMqIPyqkaIS7imGuQjo8km_QfCpjeUce6BNhfiU1qFYj2_nP7n_tAj5JI0DmZRpM20xrv/w500-h281/ddd.jpg" width="500" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Creating
an Arcade on a Raspberry Pi</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The hardware that you use to emulate older
hardware must be significantly more powerful. That is the nature of emulation.
It is easy to run many emulated videogame consoles on a modern desktop or
laptop. Even the PS3 and Xbox 360 can be emulated on a good computer with a
graphics card. But today it is also easy to run games from the 70s, 80s, and
90s on a cheap, portable microcomputer. This includes all of the best consoles
from the first generation (i.e. Odyssey and Atari) to the fifth (i.e. Nintendo
64 and Playstation). There are a few microcomputers that you could use,
including the Odroid, but most people prefer to use a small single-board
computer from the U.K. called the Raspberry Pi. Check out the table below for a
comparison between hardware specifications for the major consoles from the
1900s, and the Raspberry Pi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: rgb(214, 219, 235); border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Year<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Console<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Computer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">System<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CPU<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RAM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bytes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hard
Drive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Capacity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bytes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Screen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Resolution<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pixels<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1972<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Magnavox Odyssey<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1977<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atari 2600<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,190,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">128<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">160
x 192<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1979<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Magnavox Odyssey 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,790,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">192<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">160
x 200<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1980<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intellivision<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">524<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">159
x 96<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1982<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atari 5200<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,790,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">320
x 200<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1982<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Colecovision<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3,580,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">256
x 192<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1985<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nintendo Ent. Sys.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,800,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">256
x 240<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1986<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sega Master Sys.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">256
x 192<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1986<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atari 7800<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,790,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">320
x 240<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1989<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gameboy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4,190,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">160
x 144<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1989<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Turbo Grafx 16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7,160,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">256,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">256
x 239<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1989<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sega Genesis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">72,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">320
x 224<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1991<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Super Nintendo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3,600,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">128,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">160
x 144<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1991<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neo Geo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">64,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">320
x 224<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1991<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Game Gear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3,500,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">160
x 144<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1992<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sega CD<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12,500,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">320
x 224<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1993<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atari Jaguar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26,600,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">320
x 224<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1994<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sega Saturn<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">58,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">704
x 224<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1995<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Playstation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">640
x 480<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1996<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nintendo 64<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">93,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">720
x 576<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1998<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gameboy Color<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8,380,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">160
x 144<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1999<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sega Dreamcast<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">200,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">128,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">640
x 480<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2016<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rapsberry Pi 3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,200,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,000,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>256,000,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1920
x 1080<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 24; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.4pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2019<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Raspberry Pi 4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,500,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8,000,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.35pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>500,000,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span face="" style="color: #707070; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3840
x 2160<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />The newest version of the Raspberry Pi costs
around $60, but once you buy all of the necessary components, it will cost
closer to $120 in total. All the software you need for it is available for free
online. It is highly reliable, and highly portable with a height and width of
credit card, and most of the features of a high-end computer. To play games you
will need to download software called Retropie from retropie.org.uk. It is free
and it is a simple process. Just follow the simple instructions on the site. </span><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/</span></a></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="See the source image" id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1058" style="height: 138pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 207pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="See the source image" src="file:///C:\Users\Jared\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe8wNnFpkVumaz9NVQKbDj_0mnbu2kQJKscCdCm8Vef26GiFLzRBHdP1_L8efBD76Jrpm1XcYjxVJ4KD30YeUThxpQXXkBT3m5aJSkG8iNXWmy3UH6nqZ_D8S0bqsdiESAlFgt45jYkoHn/s636/zzz.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="636" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe8wNnFpkVumaz9NVQKbDj_0mnbu2kQJKscCdCm8Vef26GiFLzRBHdP1_L8efBD76Jrpm1XcYjxVJ4KD30YeUThxpQXXkBT3m5aJSkG8iNXWmy3UH6nqZ_D8S0bqsdiESAlFgt45jYkoHn/w500-h333/zzz.jpg" width="500" /></a></div><br /> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="See the source image" id="Picture_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_i1057" style="height: 143.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 237pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="See the source image" src="file:///C:\Users\Jared\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Current models of the
Raspberry Pi (3 and 4) have decent 64-bit, multicore, ARM CPUs that run at
billions of cycles per second (more than 1.0 Ghz). They also have one to eight gigabytes
of RAM and can accommodate microSD card hard drives up to 500 gigabytes. They
have wifi, Bluetooth, gigabit Ethernet, USB 3 ports, HDMI, and run on 5V/2.5A
DC power. Below is a picture of the Raspberry Pi 3.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="See the source image" id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1056" style="height: 206.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 206.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="See the source image" src="file:///C:\Users\Jared\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC5SkUpOMoPB-bkbX2k33b2_d6zEFUssd4MqsaX7nSpSs6mlaPiBVvj6gIdwXMFSO9JZ4Uh_SJOx5khIwtQyjcrr8VhHrlfFa1AxjI9-dHylQ1_t0hHkntIV2kk-QO9PPohIzjyHQFb8m3/s636/hhh.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="636" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC5SkUpOMoPB-bkbX2k33b2_d6zEFUssd4MqsaX7nSpSs6mlaPiBVvj6gIdwXMFSO9JZ4Uh_SJOx5khIwtQyjcrr8VhHrlfFa1AxjI9-dHylQ1_t0hHkntIV2kk-QO9PPohIzjyHQFb8m3/s320/hhh.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p>Somehow anti-piracy law has not kept Amazon
and Ebay from selling Raspberry Pi/ Retropie systems. You can find premade
systems there for around $200 with over 15,000 games. You can also opt to just
buy the microSD card hard drive with the data (for around $80), but buy the
Raspberry Pi separately to save money. </span></div><div class="WordSection1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="WordSection1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwtJUhW2bQZkBTLMxjJB_0ZEbwX9LkJvoHNzUebVaUQtQMzqlh1gkNr_wwgcQby43d0Fpj6-lpaJHIAwWxEJG5ScLPw5RtEkPKgRbfOEk6fnNLJkH5yoRlblvcUQdYEb1WXz7ohSNwlhtF/w300-h300/aaaaa.jpg" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;" width="300" /></span></div><div class="WordSection1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="WordSection1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">If you are really just in a hurry to
play games you could even decide to just buy a Pandora’s Box with a few
thousand games (also on Amazon and Ebay). The Pandora’s Box is a microcomputer
set in an arcade joystick that can connect directly to your TV. But no matter
what you choose to do keep in mind that, even though cases of people being
prosecuted are extremely rare, it is technically illegal to own and play games
that you did not pay for. Unless of course you own a physical copy of the disk
or cartridge, you own the original arcade PCB or memory chip, or the game is in
the public domain or has been abandoned (abandonware).</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="See the source image" id="Picture_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1055" style="height: 169.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 169.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="See the source image" src="file:///C:\Users\Jared\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="814" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdgR7V58Q7U5pCtzZchSkuIoD-CCDb8KtCkaq_pupodDHwqzva-Oiky4TOAl5tvkw0QaPmxR7kCgsQ8jEKsDUqUlmX7MDwkjM143mXatzKPvIEb5P-HSK4GqCqRRHhbGfnGiVtVaBxdmEb/w625-h351/aaaaad.jpg" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;" width="625" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /> </span></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="See the source image" id="Picture_x0020_15" o:spid="_x0000_i1054" style="height: 149.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 266.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="See the source image" src="file:///C:\Users\Jared\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">When you run Retropie you are able to select
from a list of emulators that you have installed. Once you choose the emulator,
you select from your list of games. The following is a list of fun emulators
that are easy to find. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<span class="red"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: auto; mso-break-type: section-break;" />
</span></span>
<div class="WordSection2">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="red"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-themecolor: text1;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Amstrad
CPC</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Amiga<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Atomiswave<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Atari
2600</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Atari
7800</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Atari
Lynx</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Capcom
Playsystem 1, 2, 3 <br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> ColecoVision</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Commodore
64</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> CPC<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Daphne<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Final
Burn Alpha</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Intellivision</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Loric<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Magnavox
Odyssey² / Videopac</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> MAME</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Mini
S<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> MSX</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Naomi<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Neo-Geo</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Neo-Geo
Pocket</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Neo-Geo
Pocket Color</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Nintendo
Entertainment System</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Super
Nintendo</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Nintendo
Game Boy</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Nintendo
Game Boy Color</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Nintendo
Game Boy Advance</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Nintendo
DS</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Nintendo
64</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Nintendo
Virtual Boy</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Famicom</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Famicom
Disk System</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Satellaview/Nintendo
BS-X</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> NES
Classic Edition<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> PC
Engine</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Phillips
Video Pac<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Scumm
VM<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> SNES
Classic Edition</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Sega
MasterSystem</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Sega
Genesis</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Sega
CD</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Sega
32X</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Sega
Game Gear</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> SG-1000</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Sharp
X68000</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Sinclair
ZX Spectrum</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Sony
PlayStation</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Sony
PSP</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Sony
PSP Minis</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> SuperGrafx</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Texas
Instruments T-99<br /></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> TurboGrafx
16</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> TurboGrafx
16 CD</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> Vectrex</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> WonderSwan</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face=""> WonderSwan
Color</span><span class="light-gray"><span face=""> <br /></span></span></span><span class="red"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 10pt;">⟩</span></span><span class="red"><span face="" style="font-size: 10pt;"> Z Machine</span></span></p></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">If you would like to see a list of my
favorite videogames just skip to the bottom of this post.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is worth mentioning that the Raspberry Pi
also acts as a normal Linux-based operating system. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">It runs Linux in desktop form out-of-the-box and you can connect a mouse and keyboard and use it as a normal personal computer.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">To get to it select the
console for “Pixel OS.” From here you can browse the web, check email, use
Google Docs, save files, and much more. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Assembling
the Rapsberry Pi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">When your pi comes in
the mail it will come in a few different pieces. You can order the pieces
separately, or buy them together as a kit from an online retailer like Amazon.
Canakit is a great kit although I found their fans for the Pi 4 are rather
loud. You can also buy it in the form of an electronics hobby kit that offers
the components to do educational electronics projects. If you don’t buy a kit
you will have to source your components individually. You will need the
Raspberry Pi board (computer), heat sinks, case, fan, HDMI cord, power supply
and hard drive. Luckily the mainboard (pictured above) has the CPU, RAM and
other major electronic components already soldered in. You will need to install
the heatsinks yourself. Peel off the backings of the stickers and place these
finned aluminum tabs on the 3 or 4 microprocessors. Next you need to install
the fan within the case. Then install the Pi within the case. Keep in mind that
you can choose from a large selection of cases some of which resemble retro
consoles. Finally you insert the microSD card into its slot and connect the
power supply. It is a fun process and will make you feel like you built your
own computer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh13c511zxJrqS1N9VyYxVGWUH0fSfYcAU4vz4RGQkZQRPybspgWkMuLM7OfXoxGIDHv8Gdbf0nx__3hBcI0Tz8FN-7Q9D7jIdPLChPqBJqsk72pokQZcNNeqK4asUvoNOfFgAR7pzs587B/s1437/aaaaaaaa.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="1437" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh13c511zxJrqS1N9VyYxVGWUH0fSfYcAU4vz4RGQkZQRPybspgWkMuLM7OfXoxGIDHv8Gdbf0nx__3hBcI0Tz8FN-7Q9D7jIdPLChPqBJqsk72pokQZcNNeqK4asUvoNOfFgAR7pzs587B/w781-h294/aaaaaaaa.png" width="781" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">You will also need to
buy the controllers. There are hundreds of USB controllers that you can find
online (Amazon, Ebay, etc.) that will be compatible with your computer. You can
also connect Xbox One, 360, PS3 and PS4 controllers by Bluetooth to your
Rapsberry Pi (or to your Windows PC for that matter). You can find controllers
in the style of the original NES, the Sega Genesis, the Nintendo 64 and much
more. If you plan on navigating the 3D worlds found in Playstation and N64
games you will want a controller with thumbsticks. You can also purchase USB
compatible light guns (for shooting games), steering wheels (for driving
games), and aircraft control sticks (for flying games). There are over 100 MAME
games that accommodate four players at a time. It can be really fun to game
with three other friends on the same screen so consider buying four
controllers. They are as cheap as $10 a piece. You can google “list of 4 player
arcade games” to see which ones are will work. I would list them here, but the
list is just too long.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBWOjoVzGS4mDPkJ4NQGAbLFHt9wVXV6D1JUpPp93sljxjtGmBByzZ_qPzepZjDpKn3s_dTcgPTrNkULnPzCwK4jiTXT0Rj2RCUmJnOd4ycLVPCgclDGWFksYLjxh5O_wUqNZjk9VypbxQ/s320/998.jpg" style="text-align: center;" /><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="394" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPcNT7pJlqonvADtW4_cOZA0FsAaq0-B99QwaFVNwpz8f51Ah6c-3GHPEKIW1OTpIN-mn33IUET4iWxm1n9har8R7t2253r39gBIexTNwmZqKz64rkV0bFuB-XPAgUKQVh3BYGneLT38Gp/s320/999.jpg" /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">If you really want to
put together a full package you can throw some software on the Linux/Pixel OS.
You might put Google docs, Netflix, a free version of Minecraft, Kodi, and
possibly a PDF of this post so users can reference the Retro Pi menu controls
found below. You can also throw on Mugen and Open Bor as discussed in the next
section.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Running Mugen and Open Bor</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSL538pMwmrOHfIULxERiqBd0HFaud9_ccW-Yeiib66DzqCKRDXTwGIaVITIclAzMjGX5retHQ3K7x3oau-svQnv3-MMg31XPDuF0zTKCdSK77Uo2I9fE9uRcIBEBm0uYYWmRD9MfkrC0b/s800/888.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="800" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSL538pMwmrOHfIULxERiqBd0HFaud9_ccW-Yeiib66DzqCKRDXTwGIaVITIclAzMjGX5retHQ3K7x3oau-svQnv3-MMg31XPDuF0zTKCdSK77Uo2I9fE9uRcIBEBm0uYYWmRD9MfkrC0b/w625-h460/888.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mugen is a
create-your-own fighting game software. It allows you to take character sprites
and backgrounds from other two dimensional fighting games and mix and match
them into your own “build.” It is common to have a character select screen with
hundreds of characters. The level of customization is amazing you can even add
your own music, sound effects, and drawings. There are hundreds of options to
tweak by going into the easy-to-read and heavily commented programming code in
the text file documents. You can even download a program called Fighter Factory
if you need more options for customization.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Mugen Complete Beginner Tutorial Add characters easy simple - YouTube" id="Picture_x0020_42" o:spid="_x0000_i1047" style="height: 115.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 205.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<v:imagedata o:title="fighter factory don t run" src="file:///C:\Users\Jared\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[if mso & !supportInlineShapes & supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
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</v:shape><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS5k1jOL3KdqbippAREYAu41F4dJasM9_2_KK77eP5XW4Wo9h3yVnJ2T09lSMT1x2MplxgNxvIePIiNv9zHEzDNXVGEf3dMjtiQb8xja8hARMSGTlhDD2qBjvC3J5pv35tWGHTLskyH08r/s631/887.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="631" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS5k1jOL3KdqbippAREYAu41F4dJasM9_2_KK77eP5XW4Wo9h3yVnJ2T09lSMT1x2MplxgNxvIePIiNv9zHEzDNXVGEf3dMjtiQb8xja8hARMSGTlhDD2qBjvC3J5pv35tWGHTLskyH08r/w500-h281/887.jpg" width="500" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">I spent a few hours
with it, had a lot of fun, and got a decent introduction to programming. The
original software can be downloaded for free from elecbyte.com. To add
characters and backgrounds you have to find Mugen hosting sites with the assets
you want, and then download them. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="See the source image" id="Picture_x0020_22" o:spid="_x0000_i1044" style="height: 140.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 210.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="See the source image" src="file:///C:\Users\Jared\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="See the source image" id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1043" style="height: 136.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 182.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> <img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkDc3Ha2bohe_nK2sV8huS1mmEUOzl45XlejVJTfhuJQ_cpqJJAdzzHFBOptwp1QkEQsxXFYaviSby5udgsovqT6YYJ0Qt00xtW7U_1qI66QSgZ4FaS9MICpuRmO35qn0jqjpBt1y6dUbj/w500-h333/777.jpg" width="500" /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">It is also possible
to download a finished build from someone else. You can type “mugen” into
youtube to see thousands of different high-level builds. Usually there is a
free download link in the description of the youtube video. Many of these
downloads have viruses so you must run everything you download through a virus
checker (perhaps after first downloading it from a second-hand computer that
you don’t care about). It can be really fun to customize your own Mugen build, even
if you are just building on top of someone else’s. Mugen is compatible with
Windows, Mac, and Linux, so if you want it on your Raspberry Pi you must
install the Linux version on the Pixel OS. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFmRUpyJKTHJrabyGUhJuobcEaMwwyuzchibH7t5FerhWM4RA6xr3q7Fb28bg-sD98utTRAUMBCBWvJat6WBgGUzjixGTpIpPVD6v7-JcBQHo2xlvK_U7hNVTzFAzq-LU0Vm-zZjEjHjr_/w500-h375/776.png" style="text-align: center;" width="500" /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Open BOR, also known as Open Beats of Rage is
a set of 2D sidescrolling beat-em-up games. Like Mugen, they are free, public
domain, homebrew (made by individuals not companies) and recycle elements from
other games. There are many of them to choose from and they can be played on
Windows, Linux or inside of Retro Pi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiQ7J_Ck2h9Zn_02Okur0vPLcdpn0SI0Pw6um-zABcOu2UYEkW61PvtZoi4jKvI3X_73CFQhBtxsyohzlGNgEOBJeqBrLOmnhu9AG3206zx4FIZ_Ao_JZHq2iyELvWFI85HuX0b45iINU/s480/774.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="480" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiQ7J_Ck2h9Zn_02Okur0vPLcdpn0SI0Pw6um-zABcOu2UYEkW61PvtZoi4jKvI3X_73CFQhBtxsyohzlGNgEOBJeqBrLOmnhu9AG3206zx4FIZ_Ao_JZHq2iyELvWFI85HuX0b45iINU/w625-h354/774.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh15ge7dzDTS9a8FgcfkhO49ngdbDDAJKACbxb4inCaBtsOIEhU-Y6ofHVNJlGZBrPDpET3SNINqKwzgTdRWOwPM8zfRWFPOXsPY8x1jXn5HG3WCU347uKLF04jx3Wc7xdsxpZr0cPw_qRM/s706/665.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="706" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh15ge7dzDTS9a8FgcfkhO49ngdbDDAJKACbxb4inCaBtsOIEhU-Y6ofHVNJlGZBrPDpET3SNINqKwzgTdRWOwPM8zfRWFPOXsPY8x1jXn5HG3WCU347uKLF04jx3Wc7xdsxpZr0cPw_qRM/w625-h343/665.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">RetroPie
in a Standing Arcade Cabinet<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">If you really want that arcade feel you can
place your Retropie system into a standing arcade cabinet. There are many
youtube videos that walk you through exactly how to do this. You can build your
own cab out of wood, or buy a used one online. You can also use the new Arcade
1up cabinets that are sold at Target and Walmart to do this because they are
small, light, nice-looking, and inexpensive. It takes about an hour to put one
together and they generally only play 1 to 3 games. These cabinets are not
compatible with a Raspberry Pi right off the bat. You will have to buy and
insert different buttons (along with the button encoders) and a joystick, buy
an audio amplifier, and an auxiliary cord, as well as replace the video adapter
to allow compatibility. You can source the parts easily from Amazon and choose
the buttons that match your build’s colors and general aesthetic. You can even
get ones that glow. This is fun, costs around $100, and will take you an hour
or two to assemble. Here are some pictures of the ones I assembled and customized:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Arcade1Up cabinet pre-orders get a price drop at Walmart and GameStop - Polygon" id="Picture_x0020_30" o:spid="_x0000_i1039" style="height: 134.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 201.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuWtIAsJl6hfQsLiVFhSJ0vqKb0YzXnGk5s_HjugxFZ_p2HYq077zNju5CcMLYVQN_KXDAjboCM5piT5qhmmPK3WlZKqaK46cq7OpSNnKWMLDpjftjQY2-Puw2JgdqHfAit5wSpkGeXROL/s1080/thumbnail.jpg" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="810" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuWtIAsJl6hfQsLiVFhSJ0vqKb0YzXnGk5s_HjugxFZ_p2HYq077zNju5CcMLYVQN_KXDAjboCM5piT5qhmmPK3WlZKqaK46cq7OpSNnKWMLDpjftjQY2-Puw2JgdqHfAit5wSpkGeXROL/s320/thumbnail.jpg" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7x9ThBgVVwnAGSuX45n8XnYXUHKeVk2Kh6NrDhA0AelXzuLQlvLvo1hHSxfiTzsFb8P56bw1EVk0OpVqks3gmkcAOirU-LjzLyMUyHgRJ2L5XpvNqpG52G66UptuQiQcxUvuGZYVqGre0/s1080/thumbnail+%25282%2529.jpg" style="font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="810" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7x9ThBgVVwnAGSuX45n8XnYXUHKeVk2Kh6NrDhA0AelXzuLQlvLvo1hHSxfiTzsFb8P56bw1EVk0OpVqks3gmkcAOirU-LjzLyMUyHgRJ2L5XpvNqpG52G66UptuQiQcxUvuGZYVqGre0/s320/thumbnail+%25282%2529.jpg" /></a><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6g-DPULXQoNDacIJf-LrZOsA9vidcRbstm62Bb9o-hAdeeQC6WnyxZDJ_4pdqlkq6CffMBDe7EzUwHOuy2UfPS2mWFSQVKoBvp7gvH3xifdz8DIaMPctQPDuHe2hPwtGUu2nYUJRiXpkz/s1080/thumbnail+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="469" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6g-DPULXQoNDacIJf-LrZOsA9vidcRbstm62Bb9o-hAdeeQC6WnyxZDJ_4pdqlkq6CffMBDe7EzUwHOuy2UfPS2mWFSQVKoBvp7gvH3xifdz8DIaMPctQPDuHe2hPwtGUu2nYUJRiXpkz/w625-h469/thumbnail+%25281%2529.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">You will definitely need to spend a few
minutes mapping the controls for the buttons to get them how you like them. You
can use the instructions below to do that. You will also want to go into
Retroarch from the Retro Pi options menu to change the aspect ratio. For a
widescreen HDTV you want to use an aspect ratio of 16:9 or 16:10 because it is
not as stretched. But an arcade cabinet doesn’t have that modern rectangular screen,
it uses a screen that is much closer to a square used on the CRT (cathode ray
tube) televisions of the 1900s. Thus if you are using one of those you want to
change your aspect ratio to 4:3 for the proper look. From this menu you can
also play with the sharpness, brightness and gamma to get the best look for
your screen.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">
From here there are many ways to customize your arcade cabinet. You can put
them on risers to make them taller. You can wrap them in printed laminate with
graphics of your choosing. You can also install a steering wheel and pedals, a
light gun, and different forms of controllers. Most of the Arcade 1up back
plates are made of wood, but you can spray paint it any color you like.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Here is the art that I put together for the front panel in the picture above. Feel free to use it in the same way I did.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI2fV81Zgt7zJEuAKJQiK6Nzmc36sgoIGvJURQQDRMjH7xF3nU7EJb7PtEFPgd63sY4qVXVLDJr2fZvWvPMFjECcqO8DoUUeYRgjyn_xkapRu1_xfiEYwyZu6msKoXSP8RA93LtsNDvXRO/s960/Marquee+for+Cabinet.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="469" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI2fV81Zgt7zJEuAKJQiK6Nzmc36sgoIGvJURQQDRMjH7xF3nU7EJb7PtEFPgd63sY4qVXVLDJr2fZvWvPMFjECcqO8DoUUeYRgjyn_xkapRu1_xfiEYwyZu6msKoXSP8RA93LtsNDvXRO/w625-h469/Marquee+for+Cabinet.jpg" width="625" /></a></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-6UgGVojUMaelX8t4Z5D5rmfI2_KV7Cwgk8vUltnl2OuiRxsR9ezu67nK_6VMXxfLZ-3bevW2ZzpzdY_DRZlTg5BdqIfIE_4_5ik4YilyT_Tss8jLi_pPOtcokeHb3S-GlnBpPqP72Fnj/s960/Marquee+for+Cabinet+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="469" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-6UgGVojUMaelX8t4Z5D5rmfI2_KV7Cwgk8vUltnl2OuiRxsR9ezu67nK_6VMXxfLZ-3bevW2ZzpzdY_DRZlTg5BdqIfIE_4_5ik4YilyT_Tss8jLi_pPOtcokeHb3S-GlnBpPqP72Fnj/w625-h469/Marquee+for+Cabinet+2.jpg" width="625" /></a></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8r414Tnqh9aWlSz2xrFrXQXqsbtO-TXmagmgbpkn8l5PwM738vabVo-ecVATG4CxEcqe7pil-kx_dKbiIDK0fseMlhAwNKUQgzK44Phq4Wf8AznUX96EyU82HS5uDac4suHI2EBkb_NZY/s960/Marquee+for+Cabinet+3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="469" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8r414Tnqh9aWlSz2xrFrXQXqsbtO-TXmagmgbpkn8l5PwM738vabVo-ecVATG4CxEcqe7pil-kx_dKbiIDK0fseMlhAwNKUQgzK44Phq4Wf8AznUX96EyU82HS5uDac4suHI2EBkb_NZY/w625-h469/Marquee+for+Cabinet+3.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I ran ½ inch gaffer’s stage tape along the
edges of mine to match the color and make the edges pop. You can also achieve a
similar effect by placing LEDs or black lights around the cabinet. You can use
a microcomputer like an Arduino to build a proximity sensor so that the screen
comes on when you approach it. You can build a coin insertion unit into your
cabinet and create an insert coin sensor so that you add credits to the game
when you place a coin in the slot. There are many things you can do. Look on
youtube, there are many ways to customize your build. Next though, let’s talk
about how to use the pi.</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt;">Starting up Your Raspberry Pi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">I have found that it helps to plug the HDMI cable from the
Raspberry Pi into the television before you plug the power cable in. Next you
plug the power supply cable into your wall outlet, and then the other side into
the power port (micro USB or USB C) on the retro pie. Click the power button on
the power supply and you should see the small red and green LEDs on the Pi light
up. It will boot Retropie. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEopvfg-2jVERPAnUOUWeJ33H0OI4gz6Iz-Mog5yYtIW_6EErA5RLGZFZEbcukaXnJZL5Wwrs6StRfrcDyXeZMLsKDdxuHsyEKcil65f48SuSZuHoohZZ86s-0DZeKXcB2YNQr3_DKKbJS/s553/555.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="553" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEopvfg-2jVERPAnUOUWeJ33H0OI4gz6Iz-Mog5yYtIW_6EErA5RLGZFZEbcukaXnJZL5Wwrs6StRfrcDyXeZMLsKDdxuHsyEKcil65f48SuSZuHoohZZ86s-0DZeKXcB2YNQr3_DKKbJS/s320/555.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">How to Shut
the System Down<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Do not unplug or switch off your Retro Pi
while it is running. Abruptly cutting off the power while the system is on can
cause your hard drive to become corrupted. Always shut the pie down from the
Emulation Station user interface by pressing “start,” and then selecting
“quit,” and then “shut down system.” If you would rather restart, just select
“restart.” Wait for about ten seconds for it to run through the shutdown
process. When the TV loses signal from the Pi and the small, green LED inside
the case is no longer lit or blinking this usually means that it has safely and
completely shut down. Next turn off the power to the microcomputer by pressing
the power button on your power supply on/off switch, or by unplugging it from
the wall. Completely powering down will reduce the wear and tear on the
electronics and ensure your Retro Pi a long life. You know that it is
completely powered down when the red light goes off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">RETROPIE SHUTDOWN</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
press <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">START</span> on
your controller<br />
select <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">QUIT</span><br />
select <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SHUTDOWN SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PIXEL OS SHUTDOWN</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
select the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">BLUE ORB</span> button
in the top left corner<br />
select <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SHUTDOWN</span><br />
select <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SHUTDOWN</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">How to
Navigate the Retro Pie Interface<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pressing “select” will take you to the
options. Pressing “start” will take you to the main menu. Press “A” to select a
console or game. “X” will select a console or game for you at random, and “Y” will
add a game to your favorites folder.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="616" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPnjwP9D7Uh7rcROuFwcIdyRZP9u2JyEPrwCVHJISKM6HxMiDfPOZJHcjT9fqh7jMi9nEXsOXRNRwIxgqrQB174Ea8XEtzgaSrDxHVAY0paQemnYSdcvi6z4rOhXaUb9XEtA-Qms3MPxvT/s320/443.png" width="320" /><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="701" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_prSybajfCB6OVIQp46iSeqtcXzfGsLKs8NlGDX1avchtLfaRINomBPn3fgtjvG1Jk7NtMqb9e85ai2Xi2qJiu2dKCqNpK-VJlrOrl2E5xDt5Ej1ZmZOWosO7yL2WnMNmwDTXK8EEttfe/s320/444.png" width="320" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">After you have used “right” and “left” to
select a console you can choose from a list of games. You can scroll through
the list by pressing “up” and “down.” Holding “up” or “down” for a few seconds
will speed up the scrolling function. You can also skip several games at a time
by pressing the right and left triggers. If you want to skip from one letter to
another, instead of waiting to scroll, simply press “select” and then choose a
letter to “jump to.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmQ9nLG7sYyJJq_0nEnvJUgG7VOIvoR1uDiSgJxBEGuO6dQdRSerQCSdxkyOfM7VNkcNY9_QlM4iNhwMenAq53TFMmYTW3iHG4th7GT9rz0e0KwxZlqrhW9vCluOkwUODBm-SLcMKRW8T9/s948/442.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="948" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmQ9nLG7sYyJJq_0nEnvJUgG7VOIvoR1uDiSgJxBEGuO6dQdRSerQCSdxkyOfM7VNkcNY9_QlM4iNhwMenAq53TFMmYTW3iHG4th7GT9rz0e0KwxZlqrhW9vCluOkwUODBm-SLcMKRW8T9/w625-h314/442.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 12pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="snes_controller" id="_x0000_i1033" style="height: 122.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 226.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="snes_controller" src="file:///C:\Users\Jared\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">To exit a game that you are playing press “select” and “start”
together at the same time. In many of the arcade games you must press “select”
to enter coins, and then “start” to start your game. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 16pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 215.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 428.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Jared\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0.25in 0in 12pt; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 16pt;">Buttons</span></b><b><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
<br />
</span></b><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">The default button layout is pretty straight forward.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Button<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Action<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Select<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Option<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Start<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Menu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Launch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">B<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Back<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">X<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Random<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Save to Favorites<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Right and Left Shoulder<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Programmable<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0.25in 0in 12pt; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 16pt;">Hotkeys<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Hotkeys enable you to press a combination of buttons to access
functions such as saving, loading, and exiting emulators.. By default, the
hotkey is select.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Hotkeys<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Action<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Select+Start<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Exit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Select+Right Shoulder<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Save<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Select+Left Shoulder<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Load<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Select+Right<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Input State Slot Increase<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Select+Left<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Input State Slot Decrease<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Select+X<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">RGUI Menu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: white; border: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Select+B<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid rgb(223, 226, 229); border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DFE2E5 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;">Reset<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span face="" style="color: #24292e; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20pt;">Add Games
to your Favorites Folder</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">If you would like to save a game to your
favorites folder simply press “Y” while the game is selected in the games list.
If you want to remove a game from your favorites folder press “Y” again.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Create a
Collections Folder of Games<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">You can also create folders to hold titles in
different categories such as “classics,” “retro,” “fighting,” “sports,” and
“action/adventure.” To create a new folder or collection of games press
“start,” then “game selection settings,” then “create new custom collection.”
After you do this a text box will open. To enter your cursor into the box press
“A” on the gamepad, and then use your connected USB keyboard to enter the name
of the collection folder. Press “A” again and then go and select the games you
want to add using the “Y” button. Once you are done, remember to go back to
that menu and select “finalize collection” to save it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Change
the Theme of the User Interface<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="626" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJAZJJm1ldEV27jxN0F_yvC2fHmGxjMLJnE78Nfri8BfD7LB2wj82JYUZ4KCAmPmRa6uqMx3F6HLx4KAq1P947BifpKr6CK-hewSKL_olj6c6tFvlTJebyesC28eQUKLc24eoQJ9GKzUMT/w500-h281/333.jpg" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;" width="500" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">If you want to change the theme, press start
from the Retro Pi menu and then select “UI settings.” Then select “theme set,”
and choose the theme that you want to try out. After you find a theme that you
like you might want to restart the Retro Pi so that the system’s resources are
reoptimized at this new setting. If you would like to download more themes you
can do so from the Retro Pi menu discussed below. There are dozens of themes,
some of them are really cool looking. My favorites, in order, are: slick_bluey,
carbon, magazine madness 2, cardcrazy, cygnus, hurstybluetake2, license2game,
retrowave, stirling, retrosynth, and tronkyfran.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><img border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="321" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfHuChGZpJpcNDX-WDwP0-uxVha9sF9TtH4WkiC-1c0a-NtNMW-yVLuE_z6sUJlYIdsY4vqDUi9eIWVNGVgD9lICyOD7MHogwcwygiWuYua5WWCWsC94nXzn5HWmGa7HL5bV2armIelfoU/w500-h291/332.png" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;" width="500" /><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Retro Pi Menu</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">From the console select screen you can navigate to the Retro Pi
menu in order to customize your machine. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Use a
simple Google search to find out how to use the Retro Pie menu to perform the
following helpful functions. You can connect a Bluetooth device such as a
wireless remote, or a PS3 controller. You can update your system to the newest
software version. You can also overclock your Retro Pi so that it runs faster,
and has fewer frame rate dips when playing Dreamcast, Playstation, and Nintendo
64 games. You can alter your game selection screen so that it displays a video
clip of each game. To do this you will have to “scrape” the videos from the
Retro Pie server. You can also change your splash screen, connect to wifi, and
alter several other settings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="643" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQQlbcZxcbjw17dGxpz7LNQeJhNGVc5PCgzd1eNbhz7c5aFZHL9J-3k2CYk5jj0FL-ZBc0SQcDHV8nDKhdVuZCffp33M3MUW8IMC2drtjIUStlgWWDLSZ5hKiyjupYJBKM6F_qe5BJKkfr/w500-h374/222.jpg" width="500" /><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">It can be fun to make
a personalized splash screen. I found some pictures that I liked online and put
them into a collage using Powerpoint and Photoshop. Then I downloaded the
Nintendo font from a free font website and typed my name out in it to create
what you see below. For your custom splash screen to display at startup you
will need to insert the file for it in a specific folder that you can navigate
to from the Pixel OS (Linux desktop). Find it at:
root/pi/retropi/splashscreens. You can actually insert several of these and
then choose to randomize them from the Retro Pi setup. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="624" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilnya4viaD-_UkQIlBSqeJ6EMbpCvrIi4vxJ8y0vhJU0sV720e4Th2foccSioMzf2hBzApnjGMO0KEQFBZonbVp3Lg13_rdXgVDCMmBQrbjZRE6LyZcXNkiHuqv4zr5ligh7F3v65DHWES/w500-h295/221.png" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;" width="500" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Connect
to the Internet</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Open the main RetroPie menu and select <b>“</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">WiFi<b>”</b></span>. This will open the WiFi
menu. Use the arrow keys on your keyboard to select “connect to Wifi network” which
will open a list of all the availalbe WiFi networks. Select your network from
the list and you'll be prompted to enter your key/password. Please note that
while you're entering your password it will not show up on-screen. This is
normal and doesn't mean your keyboard is broken. Just enter your password
correctly and once you hit enter your Pi will communicate and negotiate with
your router to obtain an IP address. Assuming you entered the correct
key/password it should complete in just a few seconds and you'll now see your
Pi's IP address listed above the menu options. You are now connected to your
WiFi network and can exit back to RetroPie.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt;">Adding and Configuring a New
Controller</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">If your new controller is wired or wireless, just plug the usb
cord or dongle in to the back of your Pi. If you have a bluetooth controller,
you'll first need to pair it with the Pi at the Retro Pi menu.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Once your controller is plugged in (or paired) you'll need to press <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“start”</span> on your current
controller and select “configure input.” This will open the controller
configuration menu. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Simply follow the on-screen instructions and press the buttons the menu
requests. If it asks for a button your controller doesn't have, just press any
button on the controller and hold it for two seconds and it will skip the
assignment. When it reaches the end, the last button will be for the hotkey button.
You should use the select button for this.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt;">Saving and Loading Games Mid
Play <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">One of the best features of your RetroPie system is the ability to
save and load your game progress whenever you want. It's easy to do and can be
a big help when you are playing many retrogames because of their insane
difficulty. For instance, if you start a boss fight, you might want to save it
just before the fight, so that if you lose you can start over again at the boss
without having to complete the whole level again. You can also have
multiple save game slots so that you don't have to overwrite your previous
saved game. To select your save game slot, simply press and hold “select” on
your controller and press left and right on your d-pad to move back and forth
through the save slots. You'll see a message in the bottom left corner telling
you what slot you have selected.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
To save your game simply press and hold “select” and then R1 (the right
shoulder button). You will see a message in the bottom left corner that your
game has been saved in whatever the currently selected save game slot is.<b> </b>To
load your saved game simply select the save game slot you want to load and
again, press and hold “select” and then L1 (the left shoulder
button). It will almost instantly load your game from where it was saved.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Backup
Your MicroSD Card</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Making a backup of your microSD card gives
you peace of mind knowing that if your hard drive becomes corrupted you'll be
able to fully restore your system. It's recommended to make a backup any time
you update or make major changes to your system.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Most likely, when you
insert your microSD card in to your PC, Windows will tell you that it needs to
be formatted. Do not format your card! Windows cannot recognize the
file system of your card so it thinks it's "blank" and needs to be
formatted. So close that popup. You will need to download free software called
Win32 Disk Imager. It's the software we'll use to backup your microSD card. Download
the software from the link below.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/win32diskimager/">https://sourceforge.net/projects/win32diskimager/</a></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
Download, install, and open the program. Then:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Plug your microSD card into your PC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Select your microSD card from the <b>DEVICE</b> drop-down
menu in Win32DiskImager<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Click the <b>FOLDER</b> icon and enter a filename and
location to save the image file. Be sure to put .img at the end of your
filename. <b>Example:</b> my-backup.img<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Click on the <b>READ</b> button<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Wait... This can take a while depending on the size of your
microSD card and the speed of your card reader, expect it to take several
minutes. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">It will let you know when the process is
complete. Once it's finished, safely eject your microSD card from your PC, put
it back in your Raspberry Pi and go back to playing retro games!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 20pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Restore
Your MicroSD Card</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">If your Retro Pi stops working hopefully you
made a backup of your system using the steps above. If so, you can flash the
image back to your microSD card.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Partitioning Your Micro SD card:</span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Plug your
microSD card into your usb card reader<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Open the Run
Dialog (by pressing the Windows Key + R) and type: <b>diskpart</b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Depending on
your Windows security settings you may have to authorize it to run<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Once it's loaded (it may take a little bit) type: <b>list
disk</b> (and hit enter)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">You need to
find your microSD card in the list and check what disk number it is
(you'll need it for the next step). It is typically the last one but this
could vary if you have other portable storage devices plugged in. Check
the <b>SIZE</b> column for the one that closest matches the size
of your microSD card. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Now that you
know your disk number, type: <b>select disk 3</b> (where 3 is
whatever your disk number was and then hit enter)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">It will tell
you your disk is now the selected disk, type: <b>clean</b> (hit
enter)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">It will tell
you it succeeded in cleaning the disk. If it gives you an <b>ACCESS
DENIED</b> error simply try again.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Now you need
to type: <b>create partition primary</b> (hit enter)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">You should
see: <b>DiskPart succeeded in creating the specified partition.</b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Type: <b>exit</b> (hit
enter)</span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">To format your SD card you must download a
special application called “guiformat.” You can save the application wherever
you want so long as you remember where you put it. You don't need to install
it, it's a stand-alone <b>.EXE</b> file.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.ridgecrop.demon.co.uk/index.htm?guiformat.htm">http://www.ridgecrop.demon.co.uk/index.htm?guiformat.htm</a></span></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Launch the
program you just downloaded (it may ask for permission, allow it)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Select your
microSD card from the<b> DRIVE</b> drop-down menu<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Click: <b>START</b> and
authorize it to format</span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Your microSD card is now ready to be flashed
back to the default setting on your backup image.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
Now you need to open up the program you downloaded in the last section of this
guide, <b>WIN32 DISK IMAGER</b>. Depending on your Windows security
setting you may need to authorize the program to run. Once it's open, follow
these steps...<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Click on the
little folder icon to load your .img file. This will be the image file you
created to backup your system.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Make sure
your microSD card is selected in the drop-down<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Click
the <b>WRITE</b> button<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">This can take an hour or two. Remember to
eject the card from safely by right-clicking the drive and ejecting it. Failure
to do so can result in corruption of the disk causing it not to work. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">You can use this method to replicating your
Pi build. You must use the same model to do so. All you have to do to create a
new Retro Pi is simply utilize the instructions above on backing up and
restoring the microSD card, to a new card and you can plug it into the Raspberry
Pi and play immediately. If you would like to add additional ROMs to your
collection that are not already there, just find a description of how to do so
on the web. It is easy but there are several steps.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Next, allow me to give you a list of some of
my favorite games.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><b>A List of my Favorite
Games (in order)</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Street
Fighter Alpha<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teenage
Mutant Ninja Turtles Arcade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">SVC Chaos<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Capcom
vs. SNK 1 and 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Street
Fighter 2, 3, 4, and 5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Punisher
Arcade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tomb
Raider<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Panzer
Dragoon 1 and 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Last
Blade 1 and 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dead or
Alive 3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mark of
the Wolves<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Devil May
Cry<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fez<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rez<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aliens
Versus Predator Arcade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bubble
Bobble<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Super
Mario Brothers 1, 2, and 3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mortal
Kombat 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 and 10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Injustice
1 and 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rime<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Journey<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Onimusha
1, 2, 3, and Dawn of Dreams<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tekken 3,
and Tag<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Call of
Duty<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">King of
Fighters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Soul
Calibur<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hulk
Ultimate Destruction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Halo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">GTA 3,
Vice City, San Andreas, 4 and 5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Riddick
Escape from Butcher Bay<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Capcom
Fighting Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Virtual
On<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Killswitch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abzu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Beat
Sabre<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Flower<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Batman
PSVR<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mega Man
6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gears of
War<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Burnout Take
Down<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Metal
Slug<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">X-men
Arcade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">X-men
Children of the Atom<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fire
Watch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Last
Guardian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dynasty
Warriors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battle
circuit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cadillacs
and Dinosaurs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Captain
America and the Avengers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Captain
commando<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dragon Ball
Z<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Final Fight<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indiana
Jones and the fate of Atlantis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Joe Joe’s
bizarre adventure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Marvel
superheroes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Marvel superheroes
versus streetfighter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Red earth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sengoku
three<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sawblade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Super
Mario world<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tetris<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Twisted
metal Two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Virtua
Fighter Two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">World
Heroes to Jet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">X-Men
versus streetfighter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Zelda<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><b>A List of Aesthetically
Appealing Classics</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">3 wonders<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">64th St.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">A B cop<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Alien storm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ambush<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Apache three<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aqua Jack<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Arabian fight<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Art of fighting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Asterix<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Astro flash<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Asuras blade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">B rap boys<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battle cry<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battletoads arcade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Big run<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biomechanical Toy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Black dragon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Blade master<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Blandia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Blomby car<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Blood warrior<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Canon dancer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Capcom world<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Captain commando<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Continental circus<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cosmic cop<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Crime city<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Crime fighters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cyber police e swat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Denjin makai 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dick Tracy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Don pachi 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Double axle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Double dragon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dragon master<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dragoon might<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dungeon magic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dyna gear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dynamite duke<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Eight man<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Far east of Eden<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fight fever<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fighters history<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fighters history<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Final blow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Final fight<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Finest hour<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Forgotten worlds<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Forgotten worlds<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">FujiYama buster<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galaxy fight<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galaxy force two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ghost chaser<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gouket suji ichizoku
2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Growl<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Guardians of the Hood<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gun force two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hang on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hippodrome<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hokuto no ken<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ikari warriors three<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jackie Chan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Judge dread<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kakutou<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Karate Blazers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Karate champ<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Karate kid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Karnov’s revenge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">King of the monsters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kizuna encounter
super tag battle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Knights of the round<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Knights of valor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Knuckle bash<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Knuckle Kaiser<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kyukyoku sentai<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lansquenet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Last battle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Last resort<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Light bringer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Magician lord<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Martial champion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Martial masters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Matrimelee<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Meta moquester<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Metamorphic force<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Metamorphic force<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mighty warriors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mobile suit Gundam Ex<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mobile suit Gundam
final shooting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Monster maulers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mutation nation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mutation nation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Narc<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nastar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nastar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ninja masters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Oriental legend<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Park edge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Prehistoric Isle 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pretty soldier sailor
moon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Primetime fighter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Psychonics master<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pulstar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Racing hero<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rad racer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ragnagard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rambo III<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rastan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Riot<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Riot city<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Robo Army<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rush N attack<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rygar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Schmeiser robo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Shadow force<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Shadow warriors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Shogun warriors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Silver Hawk two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Slam masters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Smash TV<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Space hairier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Special criminal
investigation two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Splendor blast<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Steel gunner two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Street ball<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Streetsmart two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Stun runner<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Super bubble bubble<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Super puzzle fighter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Super tag battle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Superior soldiers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Superman arcade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Survival arts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Swat police<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tao taido<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The astyanax<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The double dynamites<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The final round<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The gladiator a.k.a.
the road of the sword<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The immortal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The karate tournament<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The killing blade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The king of dragons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thunder blade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thunder fox<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thunder heroes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thunder strikes back<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Top ranking stars<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tube panic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ultimate team battle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">UN squadron<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Undercover cops<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Universal warriors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Vendetta<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Violence fight<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Violent storm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Virtual fighter two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Voltage fighter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Warrior blade rastan
saga<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Warriors of 8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Wild pilot<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Wild thing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Wolf fang<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">If I could make or
have any game in the world it would be a 2D, sidescrolling, Marvel beat-em-up.
It would feature the Avengers and many other Marvel properties. It would be
made in the style of TMNT Arcade, or X-Men Arcade yet have updated 4K graphics.
All of the characters would have their 80s costumes and appearance and the game
would be set in the 80s with countless Easter eggs, cameos, and inclusions from
70s, 80s, and 90s comic books. If I could make a second game, it would be the
same thing, just with DC characters. If this sounds appealing I want to remind
you to try out Mugen and Open Bor because these actually come pretty close.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-36630776234570862572020-06-16T17:48:00.000-07:002020-06-16T17:48:01.867-07:00The Stream of Thought is a Looping Vector<br />
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In 2005 I was waiting for the bus, wondering about
consciousness, and doodling on the back of a journal article I had printed out.
In doing so, I convinced myself that the stream of thought can be described by
a single line that loops every few centimeters. A rational line of reasoning
that stays on topic would loop and then continue to run in the same direction
(vector) that it was in originally. A series of loose associations, on the
other hand, would exit the loop at an unpredictable tangent and start off in a
new direction, irrespective of the direction of the line before it. In this
model, the direction of the line indicated the direction of the stream of
thought. Thus a line that continues in the same direction will progress toward
a goal, whereas a line that is constantly changing directions might be making
interesting new associations, but has no long-term intention or goal. The
pictures below illustrate the difference between these two strategies or modes
of operation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhike90AZw-BchZngvtRFuajoIUkmzvLMqu8MrFPvxuN9l75hn1Z_lO4GQdQeE0Mh33QfoJG5CHyf4vC2aMezewmUjzFzL_18F0X1zU4FCba0LDttqlSmdN_Lzl1U-nt6g7d3b5lm_VCeLH/s1600/scan0329.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1077" data-original-width="1600" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhike90AZw-BchZngvtRFuajoIUkmzvLMqu8MrFPvxuN9l75hn1Z_lO4GQdQeE0Mh33QfoJG5CHyf4vC2aMezewmUjzFzL_18F0X1zU4FCba0LDttqlSmdN_Lzl1U-nt6g7d3b5lm_VCeLH/s640/scan0329.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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This idea, and these doodles, strongly influenced my understanding
of the thought process. It went on to influence my model of working memory and
consciousness (Reser, 2011; 2016). However, I never wrote anything about it or
elaborated on it. Let’s do so here. Specifically, let’s consider this model
relative to the current cognitive neuroscience of working memory, and my 2016
model of the stream of thought. <o:p></o:p></div>
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A line that loops is changing course, and experiencing a
detour, perhaps fleshing out a related problem. This means that the items or
representations coactive in the focus of attention have changed and are
iterating though a different scenario. But if after the loop the line of
thought regains its original course then it will return to the items it was
previously holding and continue to iterate. The detour (loop) may have
introduced important new representations that will help it towards its goal.
For example, you may be thinking about what will be involved on your bus trip
to another city. Once you board the bus in your imagination you realize that
you have to pay and you model what it will be like to purchase a ticket to
ride. Your interaction with the bus driver, and your wallet pulls you away from
your thoughts about the trip itself. Now you could forget about the trip and go
on thinking about your wallet, how old and worn it is getting, and what kind of
wallet you want to replace it with. This would involve a change of course for
your vector, or line of thought. Or you could imagine yourself paying the fare
and resuming the next step related to your trip, such as finding out where you
need to get off. This would involve your line of thought looping around another
set of mental representations, but then returning to the original
representations (bus, trip, destination, etc.). <o:p></o:p></div>
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Working memory is thought to have two major components: 1)
the focus of attention, and 2) the short-term store. As you transitioned from
thinking about your trip, to thinking about paying the fare, and then back to
thinking about the trip again, the items related to thinking about the trip
were transferred between stores. They would have gone from the focus of
attention, to being saved temporarily in the short-term store, and then back
into the focus of attention. In other words, the short-term store is a holding
depot for lines of thought that are deemed to be important that we may need to
return to. If instead, you had just kept thinking about your wallet, that would
not have necessitated the short-term store and would have amounted to a loose
association with no associative connection to the recent past. Schizophrenia,
Alzheimer’s and many other brain disorders are characterized by a reduction in
the capacity and duration of the short-term store, and that is why thought is
often constantly derailed in people that have them. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In my 2016 model of working memory (Reser, 2016) I use uppercase letters
to denote items of thought. When two successive thoughts share a large amount
of content they share a large proportion of letters (e.g. thought one = A, B,
C, D and thought two = B, C, D, E). When two successive thought share less
content, they share fewer letters, and thus carry less continuity (e.g. thought
one = A, B, C, D and thought two = D, C, E, F). In the first example above the
two states shared most of their active representations in common (B, C, and D).
In the second example though, the two states only shared one common
representation (D). The next figure applies this general model to the
discussion about lines and loops discussed earlier.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg820gouOGxp6vZGBgERocg1tKnAN3bTSj9MZK9dllnhGt8Djr8PB_4UBz_GMJ3fJwL_dzf2bAqq4FnQCz-0CDWX3pi9wneEPOML0hJMW-TpkVjA-PVDTB-w6QcEqcAp5v8HYJO3mWNV2TL/s1600/scan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1414" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg820gouOGxp6vZGBgERocg1tKnAN3bTSj9MZK9dllnhGt8Djr8PB_4UBz_GMJ3fJwL_dzf2bAqq4FnQCz-0CDWX3pi9wneEPOML0hJMW-TpkVjA-PVDTB-w6QcEqcAp5v8HYJO3mWNV2TL/s640/scan.jpg" width="564" /></a></div>
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As you can see the first figure uses a single new
representation introduced by each loop, but then returns to A, B, and C. This
represents a prolonged process of thinking about the same concepts in
different, connected contexts. In the second figure none of the concepts under
consideration are maintained after the loop. There is still continuity between two
states, but not between three states. This is clearly more chaotic. I think
that these two modes of operation represent two sides of a continuum. I think
they corresponds to type one (Kahneman’s thinking fast), and type two (thinking
slow), with intermediate rates of updating between the two.<o:p></o:p></div>
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What do you think? Can you see how thought might be taking
constant detours, that temporarily interrupt continuity, so that it can
introduce new content to the line of persistent content? Do you ever notice
that your train of thought breaks away for a few seconds only to comeback more
inspired and informed? How about the opposite. Can these respites and detours
be distracting?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">Reser, J. 2016. Incremental change in the set of coactive cortical </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">assemblies enables mental continuity. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">Physiology and Behavior. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">167: 222-237.</span></span></div>
<br />Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-23842086615076235422020-06-16T17:37:00.005-07:002020-06-16T19:59:45.883-07:00Why Having Right and Left Cortical Hemispheres Might Be Important for Superintelligent AI<br />
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The cerebral cortex can be divided right down the middle
(sagittally) into two, nearly identical hemispheres. It has become clear to
neuroscientists in the last few decades why our brain has right and left
halves. Far from being redundant, they each process much of the same
information in slightly different ways, leading to two complementary and
cooperating worldviews. I will explain here why this organization (called
hemispheric lateralization) would be beneficial for AI.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Scientists that design AI systems are interested in how to
implement important features of the brain inside a computer. Neural networks
simulate many of these features today including neurons, axons, and their
hierarchical structure. However, neural networks are missing many of the human
brain’s key information processing principles. Hemispheric laterality may be
one such engineering principle that could give current AI systems the boost
they need to reach artificial general intelligence. The main benefit would be that over developmental time these two innately different networks would reprogram each other by being exposed to each other's outputs. In essence, two dissimilar heads are better than one. <br />
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Getting a neural network architecture (e.g. Reser, 2016) to
benefit from hemispheric laterality would actually be very easy. All you have
to do is duplicate the network you already have and then connect the two of
them via a large number of high bandwidth weighted links that would act as the
corpus callosum (the bundle of tracts that connect the right and left
hemispheres in mammals). The connections between them should respect the brain’s
natural bilateral symmetry, connecting similar and dissimilar areas across both
hemispheres. If you had a million dollar supercomputer running your AI system
and you wanted to create a whole other hemisphere, you would have to buy
another million dollars worth of hardware, but it may well be worth it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Next let's talk about how they would be different</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Each hemisphere of the brain processes information slightly
differently. Despite the fact that the macrostructure of the two hemispheres is
almost identical, the two are different microstructurally. Many researchers believe
that this is because the right hemisphere has an average axonal length slightly
(microscopically) longer than the left. This means that the right brain has
relatively more white matter (axons), and the left hemisphere has relatively
more grey matter (cell bodies). This also means that on average the cells of
the right brain are further away from one another. There are many theories as
to why the longer-ranging wiring is responsible for the right hemisphere’s
tendency for broad generalization and holistic perspective. The left brain is
more densely woven and this might underlie its ability for detailed work and
close, quick cooperation between neurons.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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People with a left hemisphere injury may have impaired
perception of high resolution, or detailed aspects of an image, whereas those
with right hemisphere injury may have trouble seeing the low resolution, or big
picture aspects of an image. In other words, they miss the forest for the
trees. Moreover, attending to the Ds in the figure below activates the left
hemisphere, whereas concentrating on the “L” that these Ds form activates the
right.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">D<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">D<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">D<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p><br /></o:p></b></div>
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It takes messages just a tiny bit longer to travel from one
neuron to another in the right hemisphere. Neuroscientists think that this
causes the two hemispheres to process the same informational inputs slightly
differently. Each side learns during its development while organizing its
thoughts according to a different algorithm and this leads each hemisphere to
become a master at its unique way of perceiving and responding to the world.
This discrepancy in temporal processing parameters makes the feedback and
crosstalk between these two non-identical specialists meaningful. These would be commensurate to specialists that could check, balance, reconcile, compare, and contrast their approaches. If they
processed information in exactly the same way it would be unnecessary to have
two, but because they don’t they provide a type of stereoscopic view on the
world similar to the view provided by our two offset eyes. This enables them to
form their own perceptions and opinions and then reconcile with one another. Right
now, no AI systems have anything like this.<o:p></o:p></div>
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It would be easy for the AI architect to take two identical
neural networks and then alter each one so that they are each capable of
generating different, but equally valid perspectives on reality. There are
countless parameters that could be fine-tuned to do this. However, they should
probably start with the average connectional distance between neural nodes in
the network. If the hardware was neuromorphic they could literally increase the
length of the axons, or if the software was responsible for rendering the
network then brief variable pauses could be introduced between the links. In a
computer these variables could be changed at any time according to processing
priorities. In other words, if the AI system anticipated that its left
hemisphere should “lean” even more to the left to help it solve a particular
problem, it could alter these “temporal weights” in real time. There would be
too much complexity in finding the optimal parameters to use human trial and
error, and instead genetic algorithms would have to be used.</div>
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Our brain’s two hemispheres also differ as to their value
systems. Our left hemisphere is dedicated to approach behaviors, and our right
hemisphere is dedicated to withdrawal behaviors. Stimulating the left
hemisphere of a rat will make it go toward a new object, whereas stimulating
the right side will make it back away from that object. The fact that
vertebrate brains have made this fundamental differentiation between approach
and withdrawal for hundreds of millions of years suggests that it might
represent an organizing principle that should be used in AI. One way to do this
would be to wire up the AI’s “subcortical” appetitive and motivational centers
(like the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens) involved in
reinforcement learning with the left hemisphere, and to wire up the threat
detection centers (like the amygdala) involved in punishment learning with the
right hemisphere. Can you think of a more important distinction between two
fundamentally important behavioral influencers? I can’t. AI needs two,
functionally equivalent, dedicated processors, one for
approach/liking/curiosity, and one for withdrawal/disliking/fear. As I have explained
elsewhere both hemispheres should influence the dopaminergic system and
sustained firing so that important rewards and threats can be maintained in
mind; however, the left should be focused on approaching those rewards, and the
right should be focused on withdrawing from the threats.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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In the mammal brain, at any moment in time one hemisphere
will be more active than the other (dominant). Its behavior at that point in
time will be influenced by the dominant hemisphere. Approach and withdrawal
form a pivoting scale for how we act in the world. They also structure our
conscious attention even when we aren’t moving or behaving by allowing us to
pivot between interest and disinterest. The AI agent would also have to
continually select a dominant hemisphere to give priority to either approach or
withdrawal at every point in time. <o:p></o:p></div>
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As in vertebrate animals, the left hemisphere could be used
to control the right half of the AI’s robot body and the right hemisphere could
be used to control the left half. This could be a good way to ensure that both
approach and withdrawal have equal potential behavioral outputs. It seems that
this would create a robot whose two sides would pull it in different
directions. But this is how it works in the brain and you and I aren’t pulled
in two directions. The fact that both networks are so densely connected through
the corpus callosum, and that they developed together side by side probably
play a big role in their cooperativity. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Certainly, widespread hemispheric lateralization in
vertebrate animals indicates that laterality is associated with an evolutionary
advantage. It is pretty clear to see that its unique features could also
contribute to consciousness. This dichotomous organization might be similarly
advantageous in the creation of human-like intelligence, and superintelligence
in computers.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">Reser, J. 2016. Incremental change in the set of coactive cortical assemblies enables mental continuity.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">Physiology and Behavior. 167: 222-237.</span>Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-73167280021452720532020-03-23T17:09:00.001-07:002020-03-23T18:22:58.783-07:00Artificial Intelligence Needs to Utilize the Process of Myelination<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="yiv5604408452ydp59d03c48msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Modern AI is capable of some fantastic
feats, yet is still very limited compared to the human mind. The disciplines of
machine learning and deep learning have shown us that with a powerful computer
and a bunch of neurons organized into a network we can throw easy psychological
problems at these networks and expect good answers. However, when researchers
try to construct more complex networks, to tackle more cognitively complex problems,
the networks fail to deliver. This is because they have not yet used a simple
trick that animals have been using for hundreds of millions of years: gradual
and progressive myelination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="yiv5604408452ydp59d03c48msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv5604408452ydp59d03c48msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">As we progress from infanthood through childhood our brains make
various biological changes. These changes cause our level of analysis to slowly
progress from analyzing brief sensory experiences, to analyzing complex,
abstract scenarios. We begin our lives only being able to notice and attend to
interactions occurring on short time scales. By adulthood, with the prefrontal
cortex fully developed, we find ourselves able to follow interactions occurring
on long time scales. In order to develop the ability to think about complex
things we had to spend almost two decades gradually altering our brain’s
processing strategy. It is a scaffolding process where we focus on the simplest
things first, and use basic knowledge about them to advance incrementally to
more complex things. The fact that all humans, and mammals in general, do this
strongly suggests that it plays a role in the acquisition of advanced
intelligence. In this entry I will argue that this developmental process will
be instrumental in training superintelligent AI. </span><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">This gradual process of brain development is made possible by
myelination. Myelin is a fatty substance surrounding the connections between
neurons (axons). Vertebrate animals use it to speed up information transmission
between cells. The myelin increases the rate at which the electrical impulses
travel. But vertebrates aren’t born with all the myelin that they will need as
adults. Instead myelin develops slowly in specific areas, one at a time. Once a
brain area has developed valuable, reliable, and consistent knowledge the
connections formed by learning are solidified by the introduction of myelin.</span><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="yiv5604408452ydp59d03c48msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">The order of brain areas affected by myelin is consistent across
all mammals. The early sensory areas are the first cortical areas to develop
myelin. One of these, the primary visual area, starts to myelinate shortly
after birth as the infant gains visual experiences. These early visual areas
are responsible for basic visual perception and don’t rely on trial and error
interactions with the environment. Rather they involve responding to visual
stimuli that are presented simultaneously without any time delay between
appearances. This happens when you see a picture of a house; you generally see
the roof, windows, and door all at once without experiencing much of a time
delay between these stimuli.</span><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="yiv5604408452ydp59d03c48msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">The last areas to myelinate are the association cortices and the
prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC does not generally finish myelinating until
one reaches the age of 18 or older. This means that the PFC does not “trust”
that it has been wired up correctly until almost two decades into life. Whereas
the visual system “trusts” that it has been wired correctly before the first
two years. This is because sensory stimuli are generally honest, and all show
up at the same time. Whereas complex events are constructed from stimuli that
are removed from each other by delays in time. Understanding the relationships
between events that are not simultaneous requires careful, logical inferences
about causality. For example, the sale of a house is an abstract concept that
involves parties, contracts, and delays that can last for weeks or months. This
is why children aren’t licensed to sell houses.</span><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="yiv5604408452ydp59d03c48msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">It takes time to learn to make complex inferences that involve
delays in time. It is probably the case that the process of myelination during
development involves the progressive accumulation of knowledge that supports
and buttresses more complex knowledge. In other words, as simple things are
mastered in early cortical areas they provide the basis for new learning in the
late cortical areas. In the same way, many brief, simple experiences create the
knowledgebase to start to understand long, complex experiences with more
advances probabilistic structures. The layers at the bottom of the hierarchy
must be trained before the higher layers can find regularities and statistical
structure within them. But as you can see in the diagram below the top of the
hierarchy falls in the middle between sensory input and motor output. To
properly train sensory input and motor output it is imperative that they be connected
to each other, and can interact with each other to drive behavior, long before
the association areas interposed between them are brought to the
table. </span><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9tP26Qns44O647ZMJ-Uj3rLVTmobd_le2o8DsLkBnGrnSFQZH4g1VApv4KYq0k5yzhNSGjwXRiuIF2mvCVzsqFB2fd3TMK_llpJCyS4P0KolAtAbh35sQB2NIFCRawg6qTIl7wKyjIyop/s1600/Neural+Network+Myelination.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="1095" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9tP26Qns44O647ZMJ-Uj3rLVTmobd_le2o8DsLkBnGrnSFQZH4g1VApv4KYq0k5yzhNSGjwXRiuIF2mvCVzsqFB2fd3TMK_llpJCyS4P0KolAtAbh35sQB2NIFCRawg6qTIl7wKyjIyop/s640/Neural+Network+Myelination.png" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="yiv5604408452ydp59d03c48msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">Many AI researchers point out that the things that AI and neural
network systems today can accomplish are things that can generally be
accomplished by an adult human brain in under a second. This means that they
can only do things that we do unconsciously, such as near instantaneous pattern
recognition. Today’ AIs can recognize houses but could not recognize,
understand, or broker, the sale of a house. What AI is able to do are the kinds
of things that we are able to do with our primary sensory and motor areas. This
is because they are designed like a primary cortical areas. They do not feature
reciprocal interactions between various structures organized into a brain like
hierarchy. Very few AI architectures exist today that connect primary areas
with association areas and a PFC. Those that do, don’t use anything like the
process of myelination. Rather, in existing AI all of the areas from the simple
to the advanced come online at the same time. I think these systems should use
something analogous to the process of myelination because it would help them in
their acquisition of knowledge. If they did, here’s how they should go about
it:</span><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="yiv5604408452ydp59d03c48msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">First you would need a number of neural networks of pattern
recognizing nodes. These networks must take inputs from the environment, each
corresponding to a different sensory modality. These early networks must be
linked to one another. Then these would have to be linked together in a
hierarchy where unimodal networks form inputs to multimodal networks, which
then form inputs themselves to even more densely multimodal networks above
them. This “multimodal fusing” is depicted in the figure. The nodes of the
densely multimodal networks would be the association networks and at the top of
this hierarchy would be the PFC which would also be connected directly to the
early motor networks. The nodes of the association and PFC networks would
exhibit sustained firing. Importantly this sustained firing, the activity of
the association networks, and their influence over ongoing processing elsewhere
would start out extremely meager, and increase over time. These capacities
could be increased as the system exhibits proficiency at simple tasks, such as
object recognition, scene classification, and simple motor movements. As the
association areas are added to the system a capacity to plan, and make higher
order inferences and classifications could be expected. </span><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv5604408452ydp59d03c48msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="yiv5604408452ydp59d03c48msonormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">One important concept that I haven’t explained yet is that the
first areas to myelinate in the brain, the sensory areas, have neurons of a
single modality (e.g. either vision or hearing) that fire for short durations.
The association areas and the PFC on the other hand have multimodal neurons
(e.g. both vision and hearing) that fire for long durations. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">As in the mammalian brain (Huttenlocher
& Dabholkar, 1997), sensory areas should mature (myelinate) early in
development, and association areas should mature late. This will cause the capacity
for sustained firing to start low, but increase over developmental time.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Postponing the initialization of association
networks in this way would allow the formation of low-order associations between
causally linked events that typically occur close together in time. This would
focus the system on easy-to-predict aspects of its reality (e.g. correlations
between occurrences in close temporal proximity). The consequent learning would
erect a reliable scaffolding of highly probable associations that can be used
to substantiate higher-order, time-delayed associations later in development
(Reser, 2016). In other words, the rate of iterative updating from one state to
the next (Fig. 9) would start very high. This would be reversed over the course
of weeks to years as an increasing capacity for working memory would be folded
in to the system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">Nature has found
that it doesn’t pay to let the multimodal, neurons capable of sustained firing
come online until the basics are learned first. I strongly suspect that AI
network engineers will find this too. For the sake of progress I just hope that
this myelination/development feature is implemented and perfected sooner rather
than later. Given the rapid processing in computers, and the sheer amount of
data available to them I don’t think that this process will take 18 in an AI as
it does in a human. But I strongly believe that it is necessary for any
developing thinker to start with the elementary inferences first.</span><span style="color: #1d2228;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">An article that I wrote which can be found here explains this in more detail. </span><br />
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938416308289">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938416308289</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here is an excerpt from that article. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div id="p0230" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"Due to their sustained activity, neurons in the PFC can span a wide delay time or input lag between associated occurrences <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938416308289#bb0175" name="bbb0175" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">[35]</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938416308289#bb0445" name="bbb0445" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">[89]</a> and thereby allow elements of prior events to become coactive with elements of subsequent events. Sustained activity allows neurons that would otherwise never fire together to both fire and wire together, and also allows features that never co-occur in the environment to be present together in topographic imagery. Thus, it may be reasonable to assume that SSC underlies the brain's ability to make internally derived associations between representations that never occur simultaneously in the environment. The longer sustained firing in association cortex lasts, the better the animal will be at capturing information about causally linked stimuli that present apart in time. The longer the sustained firing, the longer the delay can be. The same regularity may happen persistently in the environment, where a stimulus is followed several seconds later by another stimulus, concern, or opportunity; however, if the animal lacks sufficient sustained firing, this statistical regularity will not be captured by the neocortical system because the ensembles for them will never be exposed to each other.</i></span></div>
<div id="p0235" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Few if any mammals have evolved a human-like capacity for sustained firing in PFC neurons, and thus the mental lives of most mammals likely involve associations made between temporally proximate stimuli and concepts. This may suggest that in most ecological niches it is not helpful to create memories for relationships between stimuli that occur in delayed succession and instead it is better to focus on analyzing stimuli that present in quick succession <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938416308289#bb0340" name="bbb0340" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">[68]</a>, <a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938416308289#bb0360" name="bbb0360" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;">[72]</a>. There may therefore be two strategies, on opposite ends of a continuum, for holding recent information active: immediate and delayed succession strategies. The delayed succession strategy, involving high sustained firing and a low rate of working memory updating, is optimal for environmental scenarios that are prolonged over time, where temporally distant cues may retain contextual relevance. This strategy is likely associated with certain ecological or life-history conditions such as low extrinsic mortality, intergenerational resource flows, meme transference, and the K-selection strategy in general.</i></span></div>
<div id="p0240" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>How can the brain trust that an association between two concepts that are removed in time and never co-occur simultaneously in the environment is valid? Each of the contents of working memory contribute to the selection of the next addition to working memory, and this may help to ensure that the contents held in working memory at any moment are veridically concordant rather than incongruous. This is because the system is narrowly constrained to only combining ensembles that have been highly associated in the past. If this is true, it suggests that at an early age the first associations are between stimuli that are nearly simultaneous, but that these can create foundational knowledge upon which to base reliable inferences about associations between stimuli that are removed from each other by a delay in time.</i></span></div>
<div id="p0245" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Because the frontal lobes of infants are underdeveloped, their brains probably exhibit far less continuity between brain states. Very young children can trust the connections that their early sensory areas have made concerning the spatiotemporal associations between near simultaneous features because these events show high order and regularity. This may be why sensory areas myelinate so early in life. Perhaps association areas are programmed genetically not to finish myelinating until early adulthood because it is a time-intensive process to form and test higher-order hypotheses about relationships between constructs that are more distributed through time."</i></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-80693610434113907892020-03-04T21:16:00.002-08:002020-09-03T18:35:26.274-07:00How To Build Your Own AI-Ready Computer<br />
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My interest in artificial intelligence has driven me to learn more
about computers. In 2019 it influenced me to build my own computer. I learned
as much as I could for several months, got a few certifications in the
process, and then dove right into a build. It was much easier than I thought, very
fun, and very rewarding. Building a computer is a joy and this blog post
recounts how you can do it yourself. The post is divided into four different sections:
1) the computer that I built, and how I built it,
2) the software I installed on it to help me learn more about AI, 3) the
software I installed for recreation and productivity, and 4) the learning path
that I took to prepare me to build it, that you can take too. If you would like
to build your own computer, and are interested in tinkering with machine learning,
neural networks, or AI, then I hope this short guide helps.</div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Building Your Own Computer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I strongly suggest watching a computer build before you purchase
your parts. Put the words “how to build a PC” into youtube and plan to spend an
hour watching a youtuber put a computer together. This was the video I watched
first that got me inspired: https://youtu.be/IhX0fOUYd8Q You will learn a lot,
and be really glad that you did it. You might want to take notes. After you do
this you will be ready to tinker meaningfully with a used computer. I advise
you disassemble a used computer first because it is good, cheap preparation. Below is a map to some of the basic components on the motherboard that you are going to come across.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMSmZTHyFMG1kDQJMiBOBI7GIF0HLhKoEjxYT_wzfiMIEIF_vel6dUjv6xXpSG6Wl4aqeVHYA4lZ8_ERqYTYaGygwePibWROPVJ-FQ34hBiMn1UYuPQusYl1Me8ICOL3gwAfYs__tMK4h8/s1600/scan0328.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1236" data-original-width="1600" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMSmZTHyFMG1kDQJMiBOBI7GIF0HLhKoEjxYT_wzfiMIEIF_vel6dUjv6xXpSG6Wl4aqeVHYA4lZ8_ERqYTYaGygwePibWROPVJ-FQ34hBiMn1UYuPQusYl1Me8ICOL3gwAfYs__tMK4h8/s640/scan0328.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Before I built the computer that I am using now, I bought two cheap,
used computers from a dingy computer store in a bad part of town. The guy was selling
old Dells and HPs with pirated copies of Windows 10. He was selling them for
around $25-100, but you should be able to find something cheaper. The first
computer that I bought from him I simply dismantled completely. I took every
nut and screw out of it, and took everything that came apart, apart without actually
breaking anything. This was a fantastic learning experience and I strongly
recommend it.</div>
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The second used computer I bought I took apart with some friends
and their kids. Again, it was fun and it felt empowering to explain to them
what the electronic components were and how they worked together. I took notes
about what screws go where, and I took before and after pictures because I
wanted to be able to put it back together.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBMBLOLH5-_YGSNUBmbQNIaccA79CtId5wdgiRbSMVIVT7IuKnqEHWW7VgGoqeHgdQMeljfmlw65Yt_dXmRQha81m-sOuj-bovBpaGoOy94ucHaijXpaE2ShBtDzmqRzNyt7tCX5dTRTWe/s1600/IMG_5783.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBMBLOLH5-_YGSNUBmbQNIaccA79CtId5wdgiRbSMVIVT7IuKnqEHWW7VgGoqeHgdQMeljfmlw65Yt_dXmRQha81m-sOuj-bovBpaGoOy94ucHaijXpaE2ShBtDzmqRzNyt7tCX5dTRTWe/s320/IMG_5783.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXaWgDo7GA9a4vf1AOuGAFAMje3LMrPYzL099BOQgaUrcJycRrT9NJZtj4aBeXp7cMVV444p-vCh87hKsL8kWQnG7lr-66xs9OYXDHCP-vfi9kqi2Xd6JeoBKL52GRJd_E5RjmzQcDALJN/s1600/IMG_5822.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXaWgDo7GA9a4vf1AOuGAFAMje3LMrPYzL099BOQgaUrcJycRrT9NJZtj4aBeXp7cMVV444p-vCh87hKsL8kWQnG7lr-66xs9OYXDHCP-vfi9kqi2Xd6JeoBKL52GRJd_E5RjmzQcDALJN/s320/IMG_5822.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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I didn’t; however, put these components back in the original Dell
case. Instead I used different parts from both computers and assembled them into
a new computer case. I got this new case from Fry’s Electronics. It was an
attractive white box, with a clear viewing window and fans. I picked it up for
$40 on sale. It took some trial and error, but once everything was plugged in correctly it booted up fine. I still use this computer today and I have
connected it via an ethernet cable to the new build (that I am going to describe
next) so that I can have both computers running and communicating in tandem. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9dXPrZPSlRcRanQ4vsFM4XueEpholaWe6M8obYNlnAViwMjpmCvn3TKPG5lXspIQO_qlonqvXSjVMjwipe_0YLDsOmaRoVeBu3J7mfnL5KVr6tuQeaR9mZsnkvdaiJ8dRP2ml4Wm1mdx6/s1600/IMG_5873.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaE29bmFuPychAj663edIg3SMMDdRMb_SIKZBNx0IsQKcH41QY1vmo033RH6bSYLNoeS-lrNxksYpVjHDEmUEIM2xRhFRNUX7ZsMOgwKdRYZU0aNwb4x-3D3pqQ-to3sERcaD6b9ehgOzp/s1600/IMG_5882.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaE29bmFuPychAj663edIg3SMMDdRMb_SIKZBNx0IsQKcH41QY1vmo033RH6bSYLNoeS-lrNxksYpVjHDEmUEIM2xRhFRNUX7ZsMOgwKdRYZU0aNwb4x-3D3pqQ-to3sERcaD6b9ehgOzp/s200/IMG_5882.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9dXPrZPSlRcRanQ4vsFM4XueEpholaWe6M8obYNlnAViwMjpmCvn3TKPG5lXspIQO_qlonqvXSjVMjwipe_0YLDsOmaRoVeBu3J7mfnL5KVr6tuQeaR9mZsnkvdaiJ8dRP2ml4Wm1mdx6/s1600/IMG_5873.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1579" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9dXPrZPSlRcRanQ4vsFM4XueEpholaWe6M8obYNlnAViwMjpmCvn3TKPG5lXspIQO_qlonqvXSjVMjwipe_0YLDsOmaRoVeBu3J7mfnL5KVr6tuQeaR9mZsnkvdaiJ8dRP2ml4Wm1mdx6/s320/IMG_5873.jpg" width="313" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Next it was time to buy all new parts and create my own build from
scratch. It takes a lot of research to determine if all of the parts you want
are interoperable. Many parts that you find on Amazon, or Newegg don’t play
nicely together, but lucky for us there is <a href="http://www.pcpartpicker.com/">www.pcpartpicker.com</a>.
This helps to double check your parts list and make sure that all of the components
you think look cool, and have the specs you are willing to pay for, are going
to work together flawlessly. Once you ensure this you can go to your local
computer store, or go to Amazon, and buy the items you need. These are the
items that you are going to need. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Parts You Will Need To Buy<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Central processing unit (CPU) with heatsink
and fan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Motherboard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hard Drive (HDD or SSD)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">RAM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Case<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Video card<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Power Supply Unit (PSU)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Network Interface Card (NIC)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Optical Drive, Bluray or DVD (optional)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A copy of Windows<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Productivity Software<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">KVM, TPM, colored cables, colored power cord <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(all optional)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP0qovHSSe3po89UWC9EZqpv6L1V9A_MZDYCs5XCFjuaD861yHaji_Jh9OlYvSi73cnFv1GKsdhI9savkVNS5EYXDO0bqflNLb68juAKh4HQkTxP22MCMznnuQ-i0ys_qu9JhKfpUjdgPY/s1600/IMG_7797.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP0qovHSSe3po89UWC9EZqpv6L1V9A_MZDYCs5XCFjuaD861yHaji_Jh9OlYvSi73cnFv1GKsdhI9savkVNS5EYXDO0bqflNLb68juAKh4HQkTxP22MCMznnuQ-i0ys_qu9JhKfpUjdgPY/s320/IMG_7797.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6U1ekD54HpfP4Ij4hEMGsflgqoqZnLezdWJxmmgUi6QnXxmN19f4jx7DIE5WsbjUy9mZNlanLMBzKo8LEl8cP8NyM8ymzFuodIiXXy0COVEhxuyA691vmQ1rUBYsjLuRmxX9da8cFmq13/s1600/IMG_7799.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6U1ekD54HpfP4Ij4hEMGsflgqoqZnLezdWJxmmgUi6QnXxmN19f4jx7DIE5WsbjUy9mZNlanLMBzKo8LEl8cP8NyM8ymzFuodIiXXy0COVEhxuyA691vmQ1rUBYsjLuRmxX9da8cFmq13/s200/IMG_7799.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I recommend choosing your CPU first. The CPU really is the brain of
your computer and you are going to want to carefully select the processing
speed, cache memory, and performance that meets your budget. You will likely
choose an AMD or Intel processor. I chose the AMD 2700x (because I liked the
flashy colored fan). After you choose a CPU you then select a compatible motherboard.
You carefully seat the CPU into the motherboard, apply a little thermal paste
to the lid, slam on the included heatsink and fan, and then place the whole
thing into your case. Then you tighten all the screws to firmly connect the
two. Next you snap your RAM sticks you into the motherboard. You must then
connect the powersupply to the case, the videocard to the motherboard, and the
hard drive to the motherboard. All of this is depicted in my rough, hand drawn figure below. If
you make all of these connections as shown in the drawing, its probably going
to turn on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After putting all of the parts together, you plug it in, press the
power button, and hope that the lights come on, and the fans and the hard drive
start spinning. If they do then you connect it to a monitor and see if the
motherboard’s BIOS will start. If it does then you can introduce the computer
to an operating system like Windows or Linux saved on a DVD, or a USB thumb
drive. You follow the directions, and install the OS. Then you can start thinking
about the next two sections of this blog: installing AI software, and
installing software for entertainment, productivity, and ease of use. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxrt5E4OJN0uzTpoxBz6DthqVQgCmdQYXEltxQ7mh58bizPsZmNy8Y2KuZnIeS-7HYuqFxdo-Ov5BlxU99pcQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you want to run neural networks, or another form of robust machine learning algorithm on your computer you want high quality components. CPU cache, RAM, and the GPU are the most important aspects. You might even want to invest in a new m.2 SSD. However, i</span>f you are just learning AI you can play around with most AI software using even very basic, low-budget computers. If, on the other hand, you are very serious about running computationally expensive models you will probably eventually want to run them remotely on a Cloud provider platform (like Amazon or Google).<br />
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Software You Can Use to Tinker with Artificial
Intelligence</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lucky for us, most of the important AI related software is free.
This is a quick guide to some of the applications that you might be interested
in.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anaconda: If you are really serious about running state-of-of-the-art neural networks then you need to install the bleeding edge packages. Having Anaconda will allow you to easily install programs like Keras, Tensorflow, and Numpy to name a few. You will need some sort of guide for doing this and I recommend two books for beginners, Deep Learning for Dummies, and Machine Learning for Dummies, both written by John Paul Mueller and Luca Massaron. These books will guide you to set your computer up to run full fledged machine learning software and they also contain all of the code that you will need. This may be too big of step for some beginners so the following recommendations in this list are more remedial.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Neuronify: I recommend an app called Neuronify that you can find
on the Windows store. The software creates a simple workspace where you can build neurons, connect
them, and watch them fire at, and respond to each other. Playing with the options,
and completing the tutorials helps to build important intuitions about how
neural networks work. You can visit the website here: </span><a href="https://ovilab.net/neuronify/"><span style="color: blue;">https://ovilab.net/neuronify/</span></a>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before
you get bored of it, definitely download some of the highest rated workspaces
by other users and you will be treated to some complex and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk34236082">fascinating models</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Tensor Flow Playground: You can play with a neural network
straight from the internet without having to download any software. To do this
use Google’s excellent tutorial here: <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://playground.tensorflow.org/">https://playground.tensorflow.org/</a>
</span></u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First watch a youtube video explaining how to
use this resource and then play with it as much as you can to develop first
hand knowledge about how machines can use neural networks to learn, and how
fundamental AI algorithms work. It is all about little entities that talk to
each other, collectively produce an output, and then learn from their mistakes.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><u><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nengo: A favorite researcher of mine named Chris Eliasmith has
created a spiking neural network simulation application called Nengo. This is an
excellent “brain making package” that lets you build, test, and deploy your own
neural networks using Python. The tutorials are excellent, and make you feel
like you have a foot in the door with artificial intelligence. Find out more at:
</span><a href="https://www.nengo.ai/">https://www.nengo.ai/</a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">You have
to download Python before you can run it. Which brings us to Python…</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Python: If you are serious about machine learning, neural
networks, or other popular forms of AI or data science software, I strongly recommend
learning Python.The newest version of Python can be downloaded for free from
the official website. Python is one of the hottest programming languages, and
one of the easiest to learn. It is fantastic for automating things, and is
necessary for anyone who wants a future in AI, especially neural network
engineers. The download link is here </span><a href="https://www.python.org/downloads/">https://www.python.org/downloads/</a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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There are many software packages that you can use along with Python to start building world-class AI projects. These include Tensor Flow, Keras, Pandas, SciKit Learn, and many more. You will probably want to look into these for yourself.</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PyCharm: Is a great developer’s environment for Python. It makes
writing and keeping track of your Python code much easier, and it looks spiffy. </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/#section=windows"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/#section=windows</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Codeblocks: A free IDE to code in C++</span> <a href="http://www.codeblocks.org/downloads"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.codeblocks.org/downloads</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">GitHub: You can host all of the code that you will be writing on
GitHub so other people can access it. I have posted a few beginner’s tutorial Python
scripts on GitHub, and you can see them here: </span><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://gist.github.com/jaredreser">https://gist.github.com/jaredreser</a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Octave: Is a free version of Matlab, one of the most powerful
mathematics software packages available. Anything you save in Octave can be run
in Matlab and vice versa. Again, there are many helpful online tutorials for Octave
that can help you learn it in no time. </span><a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/octave/download.html"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.gnu.org/software/octave/download.html</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MySQL: If you are interested in data science or database
management you can download a number of free versions of “Structured Query
Language” database management software. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">R Studio: Free top of the line statistical software, with many free
tutorials online. </span><a href="https://rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/"><span style="color: blue;">https://rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Arduino: I strongly recommend ordering an Arduino starters kit. They
will send you a number of electronics parts, sensors, and motors. You use them
to build you own microcomputer, perform a number of experiments, and build your
own gadgets and robots. You upload the code from your computer to the Arduino
microcontroller and get your Arduino to do all sorts of interesting things. The
best part is that you can see all of the code, and can rewrite or alter the
code if you wish. I ordered an Arduino and an Elegoo (cheaper, and Arduino
compatible) kit on Amazon, and completed all of the lessons. I got my friends
involved, I built a ton of things I never thought I would, it was a blast. Check
it out here: </span><a href="https://www.arduino.cc/">https://www.arduino.cc/</a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">You might want to download a cheap copy of Go. It is a complex checkers-like
board game that has many times more moves than chess. It is not easy to become
a grandmaster, but it is very easy to start playing against a friend or the
computer (on easy). Playing the game of Go a few times against a computer will
really help to give you an understanding of how Google’s AI “Alpha Go” defeated
the best Go players in the world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Linux: Did you know that you can download distributions of Linux
from the Windows Store and run them straight from Windows? This is an excellent
way to become familiar with command line programming and to familiarize yourself
with Linux, the world’s most popular, open source operating system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Now I am learning everything I can about AI on Coursera. Try
Andrew Ng’s “AI for Everyone” then try out his “Machine Learning” course. They are
free, although if you want a printable certification you have to pay a little.
Now I am working on IBM’s Data Science, and AI specialist courses on Coursera.
They are great! </span><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.coursera.org/">https://www.coursera.org/</a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Software You Will Want to Have Your New Computer Running
Smoothly<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">You should download the software intended for your CPU and GPU.
That way you can keep track of temperature, overclocking, and you can come to
understand more about their inner workings. For me this was “AMD Ryzen Master”
software for my CPU, and “GeForce Experience” for my GPU.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Chrome and/or Firefox should be downloaded for an excellent, free
internet browser.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Docs, Sheets, and Slides: If you don’t feel like paying Microsoft
for Word, Excel, and Powerpoint, then you can simply download Google Docs,
Google Sheets, Google Slides, and Google Forms for free. This is a web-based
office suite offered by Google and integrated with Google Drive. It allows
users to create and edit documents, spreadsheets, and presentations online.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">You should download Adobe Reader from the Adobe website so that you
can read and manipulate PDFs. <o:p></o:p></span><a href="https://get.adobe.com/reader/">https://get.adobe.com/reader/</a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I recommend CPU-Z, which is a simple but interesting application that
allows you to find out all of the specs for your CPU, and watch the performance
metrics change in real time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">You<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>will probably want to
download something like Steam so that you can stream and play computer games.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">You should download DVD playing software to read discs from your
optical drive if you have one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Retroarch: This is free software that you can use to play emulations
of old videogames. <o:p></o:p></span><a href="https://www.retroarch.com/">https://www.retroarch.com/</a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">FL Studio: For around $100 you can download a state of the art
music producing software package that is really fun to work with. Watch a 15
minute tutorial video and you’ll be creating your own beats in a matter of seconds.
You might want to download the free version of Virtual DJ while you are at it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How to Prepare For Building a Computer and Get Certified in the
Process<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I knew that before I built myself a new computer, that I wanted to
be more informed about computer science in general. I figured that I should get
A+ certified through CompTIA. The A+ certification is a basically a computer
repair technician’s license and takes about 100-200 hours of studying to
prepare for. To prepare you for this you can take the ITF+ which is a great
introduction to the concepts and takes merely 20-40 hours of study. The
information that you gain is very empowering and will teach you, not only how
to build a computer but how to take care of it, troubleshoot it, customize it,
and set up your own home network. You will know learn how to connect every
computer in your house, the best ways to backup your data, and how to fix your
friend’s computers too. If you are interested in AI but do not already have a
computer science degree, then a firm understanding of computer hardware and OS
usage is very helpful. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In studying for the A+ computer repair technician certification I also
acquired the “information technology fundamentals” cert, the ITF+ and the
Project + (project management) cert as well. It was fun preparing for these
exams and I used youtube.com and classic study guides by Mike Meyers and
Quentin Doctor. I strongly recommend taking the PBS computer science Crash
Course on youtube: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNlUrzyH5r6jN9ulIgZBpdo">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNlUrzyH5r6jN9ulIgZBpdo</a>
After finishing the eight hours you will feel like you earned a BA in CS. My
other favorite youtube prep guide for the A+ was PowerCert, which was very helpful.
<a href="https://youtu.be/2eLe7uz-7CM">https://youtu.be/2eLe7uz-7CM</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I watched tech videos from youtube every
night before bed and I was introduced to countless fascinating new ideas and
concepts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Here is the playlist for some of my favorite AI youtube videos: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjkYTVL1kD-uQXQ8lq1JXuXyZxXEq9iaY">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjkYTVL1kD-uQXQ8lq1JXuXyZxXEq9iaY</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">And here is the playlist for some of my favorite computer science
videos:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjkYTVL1kD-tEdAGh5on9vwrHSLXThdoD">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjkYTVL1kD-tEdAGh5on9vwrHSLXThdoD</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I also used several different apps on my phone to learn about
coding and computer science, such as Mimo, Codeacademy, Grasshopper, Sololearn,
Py, and Code Playground. These all have free content and were very informative.
Start by downloading the trial version of Mimo, and see what you think. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Finally I want to leave you with a table that shows some of the computers
that I have owned over the years. You can see how the specs have advanced due to accelerating returns in the technology sector. I find the exponential progress in computing to be fascinating and exciting.
We are in the information age. Get caught up in it, you may be glad you did. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"></td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Computer</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">CPU Speed<br />
<br />
(Hz)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">RAM Memory</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (Bytes)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hard Drive Storage</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (Bytes)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">1986</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Apple II GS</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,800,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">256,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">20,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">2004</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dell Desktop</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,200,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,500,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">80,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">2006</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sony Desktop</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,800,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">150,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">2009</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">HP Desktop</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,200,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">400,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">2009</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">HP HDX Laptop</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,130,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">500,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dell Laptop</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">2,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">200,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">2014</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sony Laptop</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,800,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">900,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">2014</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dell XPS Desktop</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,600,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">16,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,000,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Apple MacBook</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,100,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">8,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #1d2228; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">128,000,000,000</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.35pt;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">2020<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.15pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Home Made PC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">4,300,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.35pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">32,000,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.000.000.000.000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com60tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5704434045667351907.post-58436693211107047152020-02-14T17:02:00.001-08:002020-02-14T17:02:52.439-08:00Taping the Mouth Helps to Ensure Calm, Peaceful Nasal Breathing<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I have a stress reduction system called Program Peace
that can be found at <a href="http://www.programpeace.com/">www.programpeace.com</a>.
The system is based around coaching people to stop distressed breathing. There
are four tenets of proper breathing: 1) breathe on long intervals, 2) breathe
full, deep breaths, 3) breathe smooth, steady breaths, and 4) breathe
assertively. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I believe that all four of these can be accomplished
when breathing through the nose. In fact, nasal breathing automatically engages
the diaphragm for reasons discussed below, ensuring that each breath is steady
and peaceful. The rest of this post will explain why you should start breathing
exclusively with the nose, and how to do it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Why
Nasal Breathing is Healthier</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The nasal passages are narrower than the oral one. This means that
taking a full breath through the nose takes significantly more time and effort.
It takes 50% more work to breathe exclusively through the nose compared to
breathing exclusively through the mouth. It is hard work for the diaphragm and
will make it stronger fast. Also the narrowness of the nasal passages forces
you to breathe more slowly, at an even pace. A number of researchers agree
that, “one cannot easily hyperventilate when breathing through the nose (Fried,
1993).” Thus it is incompatible with anxiety. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Most mammals breathe exclusively through their nose with their
mouths closed but there are a few exceptions. Some mammals will breathe through
the mouth when engaging in intense cardiovascular activity. Others use mouth
breathing for evaporative cooling, like a dog panting on a hot day. Many
mammals will breathe through their mouth during an aggressive confrontation.
Usually the dominant animal will keep its mouth closed, and the subordinate one
will open the mouth and pant nondiaphragmatically. Many dog trainers interpret
nose breathing as defiant and mouth breathing as acquiescent. The dog that
pants quickly with an open mouth is usually seen as the most obedient. In
nature, chronic mouth breathing, like hyperventilation, is a submissive,
handicapping signal. Otherwise, in all other conditions mammals breathe almost
exclusively through their nose. When a mammal is seen breathing through its
mouth it is taken by veterinarians as a sign of sickness, or serious injury. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In humans mouth breathing is thought by many experts to increase
the stress response (Park, 2012), and has been shown to lead to high blood
pressure, poor posture, cognitive disturbances, growth impairment, failure to
thrive, and heart problems (Park et al., 2012; Morais et al., 2019; Masahiro et
al., 2013). However, there is no medical consensus merely because not enough
studies have been performed. There is also no rubric in medical science helping
people to stop breathing through their mouths. I believe that this is a major
oversight.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Shut Your Mouth
and Save Your Life<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In 1882 George Catlin wrote the book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life</i>, where he extolled the virtues
of nose breathing. He was a European traveling in America where he observed a
large proportion of Native Americans breathing exclusively through the nose,
even during sleep. He attributed their good health and serene countenance to
this habit. He even saw mothers encouraging their infants and children to
breathe with their nose. If a baby opened its mouth to breathe, the mother
would gently push the baby’s lips together to ensure nasal breathing. He
compared this to Europe where it seemed to him that everyone breathed with
their mouths. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">He claimed that the American Indians referred to the white men not
only as “pale-faces” but as “black-mouths” because of their penchant for
breathing through their mouths. He said that breathing through the mouth leads
to a derangement of the “…whole face, which is not natural; carrying the proof
of a long practice of the baneful habit, with its lasting consequences; and
producing that unfortunate and pitiable, and oftentimes disgusting expression
which none but ‘civilized’ communities can present.” He called mouth breathing
“the most abominable and destructive habit that ever attached itself to the
human race.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The following are two drawings by Catlin from the book. They
illustrate what he saw as the difference between English mouth breathers and
Native American nasal breathers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikj8hkSFUYk7fwWFndCg3FE5Ch3Zoyp0nR2NTrWEE8_1XcfF7VWiieg8134wQhjBcU5CZ5ZyDN5TKN_Mm4tvO9R5kSq7qsHDETIdfG2Gu-ZGz5NuY35lUuWEOa6CvHVdGYdMyr_E0Os62Z/s1600/Shut+Your+Mouth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1027" data-original-width="1316" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikj8hkSFUYk7fwWFndCg3FE5Ch3Zoyp0nR2NTrWEE8_1XcfF7VWiieg8134wQhjBcU5CZ5ZyDN5TKN_Mm4tvO9R5kSq7qsHDETIdfG2Gu-ZGz5NuY35lUuWEOa6CvHVdGYdMyr_E0Os62Z/s640/Shut+Your+Mouth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3b2ll52ufCebC-B0PaiTm_NyVPuCClB5GEVLP-zxWMim75yW4JJS07cuei2SzWuNbPuZlwy1-zv5Oho48djRR8pDIU8bg1GUzsoy0AeQmllg_44-Ne2pgkFTuTziUy0s4_6yQ_sMVstVu/s1600/Shut+Your+Mouth+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1195" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3b2ll52ufCebC-B0PaiTm_NyVPuCClB5GEVLP-zxWMim75yW4JJS07cuei2SzWuNbPuZlwy1-zv5Oho48djRR8pDIU8bg1GUzsoy0AeQmllg_44-Ne2pgkFTuTziUy0s4_6yQ_sMVstVu/s640/Shut+Your+Mouth+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Catlin wrote that no excitements could cause the Indians to part
their lips. He said that their mouths remained closed unless they were eating
or speaking, and that they even smiled with their mouths closed. He recounted a
story where a serious quarrel arose between a white fur trader and a Sioux
brave. The men decided to settle the dispute naked, in a prairie, with knives.
Minutes before the fight he was able to reconcile the matter and lead the men
to shake hands. Afterwards he asked the brave if he was afraid of the other
man, who was both bigger and stronger. The Indian replied: “No, not in the
least; I never fear harm from a man who can’t shut his mouth.” He wrote that
both Indian mothers and medicine men told him that Indians breathe through
their noses to insure long, peaceful lives. I read the book. Some of the
biological reasons that Catlin offers for why nasal breathing is preferable are
wrong. But this was written over 140 years ago, and most of the book (in my
opinion) is right on the money. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">If I had to name a single habit that could be corrected to
increase longevity and quality of life, it would be mouth breathing. So the
question arises: “What is the best way to ensure nasal breathing?” Well, at
first take, it’s not easy. There are three main hindrences with nasal breathing:
1) our mothers likely did not close our mouths as infants and toddlers when we
breathed through our mouth so it is not as ingrained in us as it could be, 2) unlike
traditional Native Americans we grew up around people that were mouth
breathers, 3) It is easy to forget to breathe nasally, 4) we transition from
nasal to mouth breathing unconsciously when we become stressed. Spending time
with the mouth taped can overcome each of these issues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Tape the Mouth
to Ensure Nasal Breathing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">You may think that you breathe through your nose, but you likely
often switch to mouth breathing. People switch from nose to mouth breathing
when they feel nervous. You may have never noticed it but you probably switch
from nose to mouth breathing constantly as your stress levels fluctuate during
the day. Breathing through the nose is uncomfortable for many people in social
situations. I was very uncomfortable nose breathing in my twenties, thinking
that people would think I look “barefaced,” “bold-faced,” or insolent. It
looked disrespectful precisely because I was uncomfortable doing it. Once you
become complacent breathing through the nose, with mouth closed, you can get
away with sporting a highly expressionless face. Spend time breathing with your
mouth shut more often. Practice it in public and in social situations. Notice
how difficult it can be in certain situations, and how you have the repeated
impulse to switch to mouth breathing. If you allow yourself to resort to mouth
breathing when you feel stressed or excitable your composure will be stymied.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I strongly recommend taping the mouth shut as often as possible. It
stops you from taking intermittent gasps through your mouth. The mouth gasp
compensates for the oxygen deficit created when stress rises, and nasal
breathing becomes nonassertive and weak. Even when you are making a concerted
effort to breathe through the nose, you will probably only do it haphazardly
because you know in the back of your mind that you can always switch to mouth
breathing if you need to. Taping the mouth removes mouth breathing from the
table. When I started my nasal passages stung from the heavy increase in air
flow. Each breath felt cold and dry, but this only lasted a few days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Taping your mouth will teach you to breathe through your nose without
being able to recourse to the mouth. Nasal breathing will be your only option,
so you will unconsciously lean into it more. This will train your diaphragm to
be assertive, self-sufficient, and uncompromising. I recommend using bandage or
surgical tape which can be found in drug stores as it is made for contact with
skin and won’t chafe your lips or strip them of their natural oils. I urge you
to tape your mouth as often as you can. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Breathing
Exercise #12: Taping Your Mouth Shut<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Put a
piece of tape over your mouth for an hour. Use it to remind you not to breathe
through your mouth at all. Concentrate on the work involved in breathing
through the nose. Notice that you will breathe too shallowly, get too little
oxygen, and will panic, wanting to switch back to mouth breathing. You can
overcome this by making your breaths longer, deeper, and steadier.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Next
try it while walking, reading, watching television, working, and exercising. Tape
your mouth often to train exclusive nasal breathing in all situations.
Duration: 1 hour. Proficiency: 2 sessions a week for 6 weeks. Maintenance: 1
time per month. </i></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">While your mouth is taped you will inevitably find some mundane
stressor to get worked up about. Let’s say for instance that your door bell
rings and you aren’t expecting anyone. Your respiratory rate will increase
ahead of the anticipated demand and you will feel air hunger. However, you
won’t be able to sustain an increased breathing rate because you cannot gasp
through your mouth. As you are forced to continue to breathe through your nose
the worries about the doorbell fade. This will ensure that the person who answers
the door is courageous rather than fretful. Every minute your mouth is taped
you have small victories like this one that will take the reigns over your
diaphragm from the environment and place them in your own hands. After 20
cumulative hours of taping my mouth I could feel that I had conquered the restlessness
in my chest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Everyone should be breathing exclusively nasally during sleep. Many
nose breathing adherents recommend taping the mouth shut at night regularly to
strengthen nocturnal nasal breathing. They claim, and I agree, that it helps
you to fall asleep more quickly, stay asleep longer, and wake feeling
energized. It also limits snoring, stops drooling, keeps the mouth and throat
from getting dry, reduces bad breath, and keeps you in the diaphragmatic sweet
spot throughout the night. This is why I strongly recommend that you tape your
mouth before bed. However, it is a sharp right turn into hard diaphragmatic
demand. You might have to work your way up to it using other Program Peace
breathing exercises (including taping your mouth during the day) before you can
start to tape your mouth at bedtime. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Breathing
Exercise #13: Taping Your Mouth During Sleep<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Put a
piece of tape over your lips after you brush your teeth, but before bed. If you
wake up with discomfort in your chest it means that you must do more remedial
diaphragmatic breathing first. The discomfort in your chest upon waking is a measure
of how nondiaphragmatic your breathing is, and how much your habitual breathing
pattern fights against calm, restorative breathing. Duration: Eight hours.
Proficiency: Four sessions per week for six weeks. Maintenance: Four times per
month. Five stars.</span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Some people claim that because of nasal obstruction or congestion
that they are not able to breathe through their nose. If this is true for you,
know that your nasal passages will likely clear the more nasal breathing you
practice. Mine certainly did. Before taping my mouth I was lucky to have one
nostril clear of congestion. Since taping my mouth, both my nostrils are
usually clear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Just like you don’t let dry eyes keep you from widening your eyes,
or dry lips keep you from smiling, don’t let a stuffy nasal cavity keep you from
breathing through your nose. You might want to try nasal irrigation, a personal
hygiene practice that is used to flush excess mucus and debris from the nasal
cavity and sinuses. Also make an effort to breathe through the nose while
chewing. Because I can breathe through my nose now, I can close my mouth while
chewing. Thus much to the pleasant surprise of my friends and family, I no
longer smack my lips.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The a<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lternate nostril
breathing</i> technique is common in yoga and stress reduction. In this
exercise the index finger is used to close each nostril for several seconds,
one at a time. Many hypotheses have been advanced regarding why breathing
through only one nostril seems to have a calming effect on people. I think it
works simply because it narrows the breathing bottleneck even further,
necessitating that each breath is even slower and smoother. Try it. There are
many guided alternate nostril breathing exercises online.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Modern day hunter gatherers are known to be nose breathers and
even most of the persistence running they do during prolonged hunts is
accomplished with the mouth closed. As you get better at nose breathing force
yourself to breathe exclusively through the nose during exercise. Keep tissues
with you if you need to. Blow your nose frequently, and train as often as you
can with the mouth closed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Months of paced breathing through the mouth helped, but breathing
exclusively through the nose was still a challenge for me when I started.
Inspired by the writings of Konstantin Buteyko and George Catlin I forced
myself to do it. It took overa month until I was breathing with a closed mouth
all the time. You haven’t accomplished it until every time you think to notice,
you find yourself breathing through the nose. It would probably be best to
allow yourself at least a few months to make a comfortable transition to
exclusive nose-breathing. I developed a few small colds from the effort because
I weakened my respiratory system by forcing nose-breathing. If your chest and
diaphragm ache very slightly upon waking you are making progress. If they ache
through the morning, you are overdoing it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Teaching myself to breathe through
my nose made diaphragmatic breathing much easier and gave me a whole new level
of composure and poise. Breathe through the nose as much as possible, it calms
your mind and turns your breathing musculature into a powerful, relentless,
irrepressible bellows. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Dr. Jared Edward Reserhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11782292533080824158noreply@blogger.com2