Batman Rogue's Gallery Spread from 1981

I found this incredible artwork of Batman's Rogues Gallery years ago using a Google image search.

It reads, "Batman's ROGUE'S GALLERY" "Can you identify all 24 villains on the Darknight Detective's "most wanted" list? (See next page)"

However, I wasn't able to name all of the villains. I even got together with my friend Andrew Blackman and yet we were still missing three names. It really started to bother me. 

I found it very difficult to find which comic this two page spread came from. An extensive Google search revealed nothing. But after identifying the artists (Dick Giordano and Denys Cowan) from their signatures on the bottom left I had some leads. I followed them up with my friend Cesar Perez and we both independently came to the same eBay posting. Because the person that listed the item included interior shots I was able to confirm that this was the comic:

It is from The Best of DC Blue Ribbon Digest (aka the biggest little guy in comics). Here is the back cover:

So I bought it for ten dollars. Here is the first page with the table of contents:

Here are some closeups:

Here is the key on the next page to finding who all of these vintage, lesser-known characters are:

They include. Professor Hugo Strange, Talia, Cat-Man, Scarecrow, Cavalier, Mr. Freeze, Mad Hatter, Killer Moth, Gentleman Ghost, Getaway Genius, Clayface II, The Joker, Two-Face, Ra's Al Ghul, The Riddler, Captain Stingaree, Clayface III, The Blockbuster, The Black Spider, The Spook, The Penguin, Tweedle-Dee, Tweedle-Dum, and Catwoman.

I didn't know the Getaway Genius, Captain Stingaree, or the Black Spider.

Finally, the comic also contains reprinted Batman stories involving each of the bad guys on the cover. There are also five one page origin tales for them which I will include here. 

Here is a cropped version of the scanned image with some visual adjustments applied (brightness, exposure, highlights, contrast, tint, saturation, and warmth). I used Adobe Illustrator with my friend Cameron London to crop out the spine and fix some of the irregularities, distortions, and printing artifacts. I also inserted the character names at the bottom.

Removing Tension from the Eyes: Ocular Muscles and Eyelashes

Here I describe three techniques, a method for releasing tension in the ocular muscles that control eye movements, and a method for releasing tension in the eyelids. We hold a lot of tension around our eyes as well, and I have previously written about how to remove tension from the orbicularis oculi muscles here.

I am convinced that we all hold pent up tension in the ocular muscles that sit behind our eyes, within the orbits, and turn our eyes up and down, left and right. I would venture to say that in anxiety and in disorders like schizophrenia, the eyeballs might be tighter than in the average population. This puts a frantic pressure on smooth eye pursuit and normal saccades, disturbing movements that should be calm and effortless. This tension in the ocular muscles may in turn exacerbate anxiety, headaches, and chronic pain. Here is how I stretched my ocular muscles and definitely found a release. In fact, this exercise hurts at first, but after doing it for a minute every day over the course of two weeks, the pain went away completely. You basically want to place your forefingers on the four corners of your eyes and press in while looking around. For example, while placing your fingers on the bottom left of your eyeballs and pressing up and to the right, you will find that you feel the biggest stretching sensation while you are looking up and to the right. If you place your fingers directly above each eye and press down, you will feel the biggest stretch when you look upwards. The basic idea is to put gentle pressure on the eyeball, displacing it a few millimeters from its normal location, stretching the ocular muscles and enhancing the stretch by looking around. Please be very careful while doing this. I imagine that it would be easy to strain these tiny ocular muscles. Moreover, it is probably important to do this stretch while breathing deeply or diaphragmatically to obtain the best results. A final thing that you can do is to use your thumbs to put pressure on the place where your superior ocular muscle anchors in the orbit. You will find a tiny patch of sore connective tissue just above and medial to each eye. Mine were incredibly sore at first, but with a little bit of compression and massage, this will go away.

Next, we will focus on releasing some tension in the eyelids. The tips of my eyelids used to hurt, and if I did not sleep well for one night, they would turn bright red or purple. This is because I was overusing them. The muscle tone in these tiny muscles was too high. The idea is to massage/compress them with a simple squeeze, forcing the muscles to stop, contracting and allowing them to adjust and diminish their muscle tone. In the shower, use your thumb and forefinger to pinch the outside of your eyelids, providing a gentle squeeze. You can do this to the top and bottom eyelids. Hold and squeeze the eyelids all over, especially close to the eyelashes. Be very careful, make sure you are calm, breathing deeply, and make sure your hands are clean. After doing this for 30 seconds a day for two weeks, I found that my eyelids were no longer reddish and that they did not feel tense anymore.

The bottom eyelid is actually difficult to pinch in this way. In order to compress and relax the muscles here, it helps to actually get one finger inside the eyelid. I wear a rubber glove and pull the bottom eyelid out by the eyelashes. With the forefinger of the other hand, I reach inside the eyelid and grab it. Again, the forefinger is inside the eyelid and the thumb is outside it, pinching together. You can shift your pinch from one side of the bottom lid to the other. The first time I did this, I could feel the tension here. The next morning, my eyes felt relaxed, and my lower lid was dramatically smaller. This is because the inflammation from overused muscles had subsided. Try it!

 

 

Overcoming the Inferiority Instinct

As primates we have innate instincts that were designed to help us communicate nonverbally about our social ranking. They are hardwired into our brains, faces, breathing, and posture. These instincts force us to regulate our body in a way that is less-than-efficient in order to send the signal: “I am not operating on all cylinders.” It is a form of self-handicapping. These subordination displays are used by mammals to show submission to more dominant animals, and thereby keep from being attacked. We are all constantly but unconsciously sending out signals about our own inferiority. These would have kept us safe during hunting and gathering times, may have kept us safe on the playground as children, but probably only hurt us in adulthood. Unfortunately, these signals activate the body’s stress systems and can be taken to be the physical embodiment of our psychological pain, angst, and misery. If we can become aware of how we are signaling subordination and dominance, we can interrupt the displays that do not serve us. The table below lists three types of displays (inferiority, neutral and dominance) and highlights the recommended display in bold.

Inferiority Display	Neutral Display	Dominance Display
Eyes looking down	Eyes straight	Eyes looking up
Minimized eye contact	Appropriate Eye Contact	Excessive Eye Contact
Eyes squinting	Eyes neutral	Eyes wide open
Raised eyebrows	Neutral eyebrows	Furrowed eyebrows
Head down	Head horizontal	Nose in the air
Neck and back hunched	Neck and back neutral	Neck and back flexed
Shoulders raised	Shoulders neutral	Shoulders down
Voice high	Voice neutral to low	Voice deep to raspy
Face tense and wincing	Face relaxed	Face tense and grimacing
Chin jutting out	Chin neutral	Chin to chest
Gluteus limp, lumbar lordosis, genitals hidden	Hips and pelvis neutral	Gluteus flexed, lumbar kyphosis, genitals on display
Jaw and neck tense	Jaw and neck neutral	Jaw and neck tense
Breathing short, quick, shallow	Neutral breathing	Breathing long, slow and deep

Here is a list of recommendations that have helped me:

1. Be very calm in social situations. Retain complete composure.
2. Make calm a priority, even over appearing rude or unsophisticated.
3. Be very calm when you model social interactions in your head.
4. Expect that the calmest version of you has what it takes to resolve any scenario.
5. You want to reprogram yourself so that you are calm socially all the time, automatically, even in your dreams.
6. Always breathe at least 5 seconds in and 7 seconds out. Your breath should be a tiny but continuous sip of air that never pauses and always proceeds at the same rate.
7. Monitor your breathing carefully during conversations, it will be too shallow at first.
8. Take deep breaths when the other person talks.
9. Take deep inhalations before you start your sentence, and don’t breathe in again until you are almost out of air.
10. Don’t jump back into the conversation quickly with no regard for finishing your breath. Your breath comes first.
11. Minimize squinting socially, especially when you smile.
12. Minimize raising your eyebrows socially.
13. Achieve more with a small, slow smile that grows gradually.
14. Do not use nervous laughter.
15. Do not make your voice high pitched as an indication of affection or compromise. If you do speak in an unnaturally high voice, just to be nice, too often, you will develop a permanent lump in your throat.
16. Look above the horizon and above the eyeline as much as possible.
17. After making eye contact look above the eyeline rather than below it.
18. When you watch television, look all of the characters straight in the eye as much as possible. Lying down on the floor, watching television upside down will help you learn to look up without effort.
19. Stand tall, sit tall.
20. The best posture for the neck is to look upwards while brining your chin to your chest.
21. Notice the way that you hold tension in your voice and in your face after you finish speaking.
22. Never replay or imagine negative social scenarios, especially confrontational or violent ones.
23. Do not respond with your face or words to provocation.
24. Notice before you meet someone, or even make a call, or send a text, that your face and neck will tighten up and you will start breathing shallowly.
25. Try being “dead calm,” first by yourself, then with others.
26. Think of yourself as pure of heart, slow to anger, and not easily offended.
27. Make your posture and countenance ruthless, uncompromising, and unapologetic but temper this by making your personality humble, thoughtful and affectionate.

Can You Look Yourself in the Eye? I Couldn’t

I have spent a lot of time over the last two years looking myself in the face in an attempt to ensure that my face remains calm. I would search for pressure in the brow, and tension around the eyes, lips and cheeks. I would do this without making eye contact with myself. When I started trying to make eye contact with myself it was uncomfortable and difficult. After a while I realized that eye contact with others may be uncomfortable for me because eye contact with myself is uncomfortable.

I realized that instead of looking myself directly in the pupil I would usually just look at my nose, or around rather than at the eyes. I even realized that often when I thought I was making eye contact with others, I was not looking them straight in the eye. I asked myself: “What does it mean that you cannot look yourself in the eye?” “Don’t you trust yourself?

The most interesting thing about this to me is what would happen if I tried to sustain eye contact with myself. I would look into my own pupil in the mirror for only a second or two and my eye would start to flinch. My eye would unconsciously begin to saccade away from making eye contact. This is because the brain areas devoted to controlling eye movements (such as the frontal eye fields, and the superior colliculus) were not habituated to continual eye contact. They were acting out of fear. The motor systems that control the eyes have been programmed unconsciously by some of our worst social experiences – the kinds of experiences where threat forces us to avert our gaze. We should all try to break this neurological reflex because it stunts our social growth. Also from junior high on two of my best friends had strabismus which prevents a person from directing both eyes toward the same fixation point (also known as cross-eye or lazy-eye). Because of this they avoided eye contact and I learned to do the same.

At this point I knew that it was very important for me to spend a few minutes each day staring into my own pupils while monitoring my breathing and heart rate. If you can breathe deeply and peacefully while doing any activity you can habituate to it much faster. Try looking into your own eyes without making a face, without raising your eyebrows, and without squinting. Also, focus on noticing and resisting the impulse to glance away. After practicing this for a few weeks I can now make unwavering eye contact and feel calm while doing it. I have a slightly different relationship to myself now. I feel more trustworthy, and making eye contact with others looks more natural and feels less effortful.

I believe that lower eye-control centers, such as the superior colliculi are a hub for holding stress and anxiety. I think that I can sometimes feel the pressure to keep glancing around neurotically, and this comes from eye-motor centers that act below the level of conscious awareness. I think that the best way to retrain these centers is to incorporate “fixed gaze” practices into your meditation routine. When you are relaxing, spend a few minutes staring at a single point, and notice, and override the impulses you have to look around nervously.

Looking Upwards to Increase Happiness, and Calmness

We have all learned to cast our gaze downwards habitually for unfortunate reasons. I used to look at the floor every time I spoke to people. I would do it after I finished a sentence, or after the other person did. In fact, I would actually look at the ground around my feet for most of the conversation. Looking down is a submissive social signal that communicates politeness at best and inferiority at worst. Sadly, we all do this all the time, even when we are not in social situations. When we are by ourselves we often simulate social situations in our head and we end up looking down even when no one else is around. Looking down is probably associated neurologically with depression and anxiety through numerous neurological pathways. Our nervous systems are used to looking down, this means that even when we are sleeping we are looking down. In our waking life and even in our dreams we have programmed ourselves not to look up, stifling our happiness and well-being.  In order to overcome it there are two main things that we can do: 1) we can become accustomed to looking straight or looking up more often, 2) we can build the ocular muscles responsible for lifting the eyes.

There is a great way to determine if the eye muscles responsible for looking up have atrophied due to disuse. Use your index fingers to press the eyelids and eyelashes down, pinning them against the top of the cheek. You want to refrain from squinting, so purse the eyelids “wide shut.” Next look up with the eyes. Look all the way upward, straight up, up and to the left, and up and to the right. If this hurts, or feels uncomfortable to your eye muscles then you know that they are relatively weakened. The only way to strengthen them is to look up more often and to do this exercise.

Try to stop looking down when you talk to people. Try looking straight, even when not making eye contact. Then try looking upwards, above the eye line when in a conversation. You might be concerned that the other person will get puzzled or even angry. If you are not used to looking up, not used to breathing deeply when doing it, or if your eye muscles are weak, it is likely that the other person will be able to tell that it is unnatural for you. The only way for it to look natural is for you to practice it habitually. Pretend that you are using the ceiling or sky as a canvass to paint pictures of the topic of conversation. Looking up appears natural when you use the upper visual field to imagine things in the mind’s eye.

The more you look up the better you will feel. If you can breathe deeply while doing this your body will learn to relax while looking up more quickly. Spend time every day looking up, or looking toward the right and left corners of your visual field.  Like looking up, looking to the far right and left sides keeps you from squinting which is also healthy and helpful. Another great way to make looking up natural and to strengthen your ocular muscles is to lie down in front of the TV with your head near the TV and your toes far from it. Watch a program or two upside down at the top of your visual field. Completely refrain from squinting while you do this. Go to the mirror afterwards, and you might just notice that your eyes look fuller, happier and calmer.



Here are some related book on happiness that have helped me: